Abstract
This paper discusses the two major waves of economic geography, that is the epistemological wave and the hermeneutic of cultural wave. It also discusses incorporating artisanal production in theory forming in geography and why this is so important to research in geography.

From the Paper
"Artisanal Production and Geography The relationship between art and science has always been a contentious one. In many causes art and artisanal production have been ignored by disciplines wishing to be more scientific. This situation is discussed by Trevor J. Barnes in Retheorizing Economic Geography. Barnes argues that there have been two major waves of economic geography. These are the epistemological and the hermeneutic or cultural wave. The epistemological wave was characterized by a strong reliance on science (Barnes 546). For this reason the social, cultural and artistic were usually not dealt with in economic geography during the first wave."

Tags:artisanal, production, geography

Abstract
This paper explains that, describing in Plato's " Apology", Socrates went to wise men, politicians, poets and artisans and, in each case, he found that they had no answers to his questions and that their wisdom was false; thereby, Socrates concluded that the unexamined life is a life in which one is ignorant of one's ignorance. The author argues that the over-examination of life may lead to an over-intellectualization of the world, a divorce from the sensualization of the actually mystic world and a loss of pleasure and initiative. The paper concludes that, if Plato tries to argue that the unexamined life in the sensual world is not worth living, maybe that is because he has forgotten his own body's language because the unthinking life is the most in tune with the body and the sensual nature of the real physical world.

From the Paper
"To truly understand Socrates' horror of the unexamined life, one must turn to his allegory of the cave. In this story he refers to the world as a cave in which men are prisoners. The sun beyond the cave mouth shines across objects and actors on the outside and cast shadows on the wall. These shadows are what the men in the cave, without examination, call reality. The man who has truly examined life is like one who has stepped outside the cave, and there is nothing that could convince him to go back: "if they were in the habit of conferring honors among themselves on those who were quickest to observe the passing shadows ...do you think that he would care for such honors and glories, or envy the possessors of them?""

Tags:ignorant, over-intellectualization, sensualization, body, sensual

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the Bayeux Tapestry. The author points out that the embroidery was made by Anglo-Saxons artisans, probably in Canterbury between 1066 and 1082. The paper highlights the tapestry's construction.

From the Paper
"Sometimes, it proves easier to understand contemporary art through the lens of great classic pieces from throughout history. In studying examples from our ancestors, we can not only cultivate a more full understanding of their lives but of our own as well In studying ancient art we form a fuller grasp of the basic structures in art the original influences of the masters and sometimes if we are lucky a glimpse into the artistic world of today. One such case is that of the Bayeux ..."

Tags:bayeux tapestry, embroidery, art

Abstract
This paper describes how a revived interest in indigenous and vernacular design of the mid-19th century grew as a result of the convergence of a number of change drivers. The paper relates that this includes the response to industrialization, the economic need for women to earn their own money, women's fight to enter the industrial trades and men's resistance to women to entering the labor world. This essay argues that the movement is in no small way defined by women creators and artisans.

Tags:women, arts, crafts

Abstract
This paper explains that the Mongolian empire, which began about 1200 A.D., was selected as the best empire because its influential ideas and developments, horsemanship, militancy, nomadic lifestyle, leadership system, its fall and impact, make up all of the components needed to fully understand and appreciate the history of a great empire. The author points out that, in Khan's military system, which was derived from the philosophy of Alexander the Great, Khan's army integrated the commanders, bureaucrats, artisans, and professionals of the conquered peoples in order to produce new tastes in art, food, decoration, and clothing. The paper relates that the tremendous length of the Mongols' trade routes was directly related to their huge territorial domination and led, not only to the unification of the East and the West geographically, but also to cultural unification

From the Paper
"Under the rule of Genghis Khan, the Mongols started to dominate the world. He claimed power by saying that he was the "universal ruler." He basically used the Mandate of Heaven system of China, implying that he attained his power from God and he would be the ruler of the whole universe. This claim of Khan simply gives a clue on how he set up his ideology of ruling his state, eventually his empire. It seems like Khan's role model was Alexander the Great and his Greek Empire. Though the Greeks did not have a militaristic social structure, they had the idea of focusing on the expansion of the territory followed by more trades and getting wealthier. This was the system Khan set up as well. He was perhaps one of the greatest military innovators in human history, and his army consisted of perhaps the best-trained horsemen in all of human history. Khan's armies were incredibly mobile and could cover immense distances with numbing speed. Thus, it is clear that Khan established one of the major rules in rising of an empire: The tremendous military strength."

Tags:genghis, khan, unification, integration, trade

Abstract
This paper will discuss the history and aesthetics of lacquerware in Japan. It will be seen that although the origins of this art form - like much of Japanese culture - lies in importation from China, Japanese artisans have over the course of centuries imposed their own unique styles and sense of aesthetics upon their lacquerware production.

Abstract
The field of women's studies has tried to restore the place of women in history by looking at a wide range of women's roles and achievements in different historical periods. For example, Sanchez and Saens' (1996) compilation about Spanish women during the golden age explored the lives not only of queens but of women artisans and female religious figures. What is clear from these explorations is that women's lives were complex and their roles ambiguous, in some instances. Although the dominant culture of that age subordinated women, women's own efforts often allowed them to create some space for achievement and fulfillment.

From the Paper
"The Role of Women in Spain

Introduction
The field of women's studies has tried to restore the place of women in history by looking at a wide range of women's roles and achievements in different historical periods. For example, Sanchez and Saens' (1996) compilation about Spanish women during the golden age explored the lives not only of queens but of women artisans and female religious figures. What is clear from these explorations is that women's lives were complex and their roles ambiguous, in some instances. Although the dominant culture of that age subordinated women, women's own efforts often allowed them to create some space for achievement and fulfillment.

There is some evidence, however, that women's position declined after this golden age. Instead of greater ..."

Abstract
Discusses aesthetic sophistication of Bamun peoples of Fumban (historical capital of Bamun Kingdom) in Cameroon. Social and culture complexity of the people. Linguistic diversity. History of the various ethnic groups. Religioius beliefs & influence of European Missions & Colonization. Artwork. Works of Bamun artisans (Carving, weaving, embroidery, metalworking, leatherworking, pottery).

From the Paper
"This paper takes as its point of departure a figure standing 63 inches tall crafted of wood, textile, glass beads, cowrie shells and brass in the late 19th century by the Bamum peoples of Fumban in the Grassfields region of Cameroon (85-8-1, gift of Evelyn A.J. Hall and John Friede, on display at the National Museum of African Art). The complex symbolism and beautiful artisanship of this piece provide a sense of the social and cultural complexity of this people and the aesthetic sophistication of the group.

Cameroon is often described as a "racial crossroads" because of its more than 200 different ethnic groups, although this linguistic wealth can in fact be simplified to some extent because almost all of the languages can be divided into three main linguistic groups: the Bantu-speaking people of the south, the ..."

Abstract
Ancient Egypt had a significant impact on early Greek culture, as can be evidenced by enduring artifacts. Egyptian sculptures, primarily created for the pharaohs or high-ranking officials and essentially religious in function, significantly influenced the form and style of statues of the early Archaic Age. Poses were rather rigid and very conventional and facial expression was confined to the typical Egyptian half smile. The paper shows that over time, Greek artisans began developing their own approach. By the late Archaic and definitely prior to the beginning of the Golden Age or Classical Period, artwork started to reflect evolving philosophies and ideals and to celebrate the human figure. Sculptures portrayed more elaborate features and less static stances.

From the Paper
"The statues also represented the society's hierarchy. At the bottom of the rung were the slaves, tomb builders and farmers. Further up came the craftspeople, educators, doctors, noblemen and priests. The pharaoh filled more than the role of king and ruler. He was considered a god on earth. (Grant 1990, 23) Egyptians used the size of their statues to illustrate the social order. The pharaoh was larger then life size, scribes and court officials life size and workers and peasants always shown working. The images of the pharaoh, always larger than life, made him appear all the more god-like. The large works of sculpture were often displayed at temples that were built for the pharaoh's chosen deity."

Tags:Menkaure, kouroi, Doryphoros

Abstract
This paper examines the man behind the musical work, "Symphonic Metamorphosis". The life of Paul Hindemith is discussed, and the manner in which the music piece was compiled is analyzed. It concludes that "Symphonic Metamorphosis" is an example of the work that has made Hindemith one of the most masterful artisans in musical history.

From the Paper
"Paul Hindemith was born in Hanau, Germany on November 16, 1895. His father, Robert Rudolf, played the zither and was enthusiastic about music. Robert ran away from home at a young age because his father would not let him become a musician and as a result, he decided his own children should have the career he was not permitted to have. He subjected Paul, his brother, Rudolf, and his sister, Toni, to a strict routine of practice and training."

Tags:20th, carl, century, folk, influence, maria, music, von, weber