Abstract This paper discusses the two major waves of economic geography, that is the epistemological wave and the hermeneutic of cultural wave. It also discusses incorporating artisanal production in theory forming in geography and why this is so important to research in geography.
From the Paper "Artisanal Production and Geography The relationship between art and science has always been a contentious one. In many causes art and artisanal production have been ignored by disciplines wishing to be more scientific. This situation is discussed by Trevor J. Barnes in Retheorizing Economic Geography. Barnes argues that there have been two major waves of economic geography. These are the epistemological and the hermeneutic or cultural wave. The epistemological wave was characterized by a strong reliance on science (Barnes 546). For this reason the social, cultural and artistic were usually not dealt with in economic geography during the first wave."
A comparison of the scandals which entangled Nixon's and Clinton's presidencies, with an analysis of why Nixon was forced to resign while Clinton left office with a high rating of public approval.
Abstract The paper compares the presidential scandals of Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton. First the paper reviews the Watergate scandal, and explains that this was just the tip of the iceberg, analyzing the machinations behind the break-in and reasons for it and its subsequent cover-up, and finding extensive criminal wrongdoing to be at the heart of the matter. Next, the paper focuses on President Clinton's sexual escapades, and analyzes why the press played up the story yet Clinton survived the impeachment process. Following this, the paper reviews various analyses of presidential personality and public perception, comparing the two Presidents, and focusing finally on the Meyer's Briggs Type Indicator of personality to show that Clinton was an Artisan while Nixon was a Guardian. The American public will, the paper informs us, love an Artisan despite his flaws, but respect a Guardian only in the absence of visible flaws. In conclusion, the paper finds that it is both the public perception of the respective Presidents' personalities, and the presence or absence of criminal wrongdoing, which caused Clinton's name to be praised while Nixon's is derided.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nixon and Watergate
Clinton and Travel Gate etc.
Presidential Personalities
Conclusion
Footnotes
Bibliography
From the Paper "History tells us that most likely, Nixon did not know in advance about the break-in and that his press secretary dismissed it as a "third-rate burglary." President Nixon lied when he assured the nation that "The White House has had no involvement in this particular incident". By the time of the press conference, he knew that several present and former White House employees were linked to the Watergate burglars. Nixon already had begun to cover those links by the time he asserted the White House's lack of involvement."
Abstract This paper is a critical review of John Traugott's book, "The French Worker". The book is based around translations of workers' autobiographies which span the eighteenth century. Through these, the reader is able to see how dramatically workers lives changed throughout this time. The paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of this impressive work.
From the Paper In his book "The French Worker", Mark Traugott draws on translated autobiographies to paint the reader a picture of the realities of life for workers in France during the 1800s. Their writings tell not only of hardships, but also of the joys experienced in their personal and public lives. It is Traugott's intention that such accounts, when set against the turbulent backdrop of nineteenth century France, will provide the reader with a fascinating insight into how people lived during the French Revolution."
This paper is a critique of Eric Dorn Brose's work, "The Kaiser's Army: The Politics of Military Technology in Germany During the Machine Age, 1870- 1918."
Abstract This paper critique's Brose's work "The Kaiser's Army." It argues that by focusing on the military developments prior to the Twentieth Century, Brose sought to shed new light on both the traditionalist and modernist tendencies of the German Army. It also argues that by taking such a narrow view of history, Brose neglects to take into account several other factors that affected German military history at this time.
From the Paper "Brose details a vivid picture of an aristocratic cavalry that favours the strong morality, courage, and leadership of the German people over innovative machines that not only challenge these resolves but also represent the rising interests of an educated bourgeoisie in the military. On the other end of the spectrum is the German artillery corps that proved the value of technology in the easy victories of the Franco-Prussian War, with the infantry lying precariously in between these two extremes as an artisan and middle class corps lead by old aristocratic and landed gentry."
Abstract This paper looks at the genuine religious motivations and secular concerns, with recourse to the following:
1) Concept of 'clash of faiths' discussed.
2) Networks of clientage facilitating spread of dissent.
3) Individuals expressing religious insincerity.
4) Noble/Artisan divide.
5) Weakness of new kings.
6) Zeal in lower orders.
7) Rites of violence.
8) Calvinism as a binding force and intensifier.
From the Paper "Any attempt to ascertain the 'role' of religion in the French Wars requires strict definitions in order to succeed, especially given the complexities attached to any examination of the motivations prevalent in the conversions which occurred in France. If one is to define religion as a particular system of faith and worship, then its fundamental role in initiating, aggravating and motivating the civil war is clear - one only need acknowledge the number of converts which allied themselves to Calvinism to appreciate this. Yet this neglects the questions invariably thrown up by the study of dissent during the wars; namely the extent to which converts were genuinely motivated by religious concerns. This entails an appreciation of the array of non-religious concerns which were vital ingredients in the conflicts, and demands for there to be constructed a second definition which might enable progress to be made along this route. If, therefore, one defines religion as something suggestive of spiritual belief and conviction, its fundamental role is less clear, for the traditional conclusions reached by historians, whilst never ruling out the importance of true religiosity, have tended to place a great deal of emphasis upon the political, economic and social concerns of the participants of the French Wars."
Tags: calvinism, catherine, de, french, henry, ii, medici, religion, wars
Abstract This paper is an examination of the artwork of ancient Egypt. It looks at the paintings of ancient Egypt and explores the different messages that they hold within. Some of the themes found in these paintings include god, life after death and the actual process of dying. In many cases, the paintings are a personal history of the individual that is now preserved for future generations. The author shows how animals played an important role in their life and how many animals hold special meaning for these ancient Egyptians. The author goes into great detail about the materials used in these paintings, including the type of paints, brushes, colors, canvases and surfaces used by the Egyptians to paint these magnificent pieces of art.
From the Paper "The artwork of ancient Egypt remains a never-ending source of fascination for many living in the modern world. Painting is perhaps the most intriguing and perceptive medium of expression used by the Egyptian artisans. The subject matter, materials used, techniques, and style reflected in the paintings mirror the time period in which they are painted. The paintings produced in Egyptian antiquity are insightful windows into the culture, beliefs, and ideals of the dynamic ancient civilization."
The roles and rights in Franco and post-Franco Spain. Discusses the impact of the Catholic Church, politics, family life, law, civil rights, feminism, work and bullfighting.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 10 sources, 1999, $ 79.95
Abstract The field of women's studies has tried to restore the place of women in history by looking at a wide range of women's roles and achievements in different historical periods. For example, Sanchez and Saens' (1996) compilation about Spanish women during the golden age explored the lives not only of queens but of women artisans and female religious figures. What is clear from these explorations is that women's lives were complex and their roles ambiguous, in some instances. Although the dominant culture of that age subordinated women, women's own efforts often allowed them to create some space for achievement and fulfillment.
From the Paper "The Role of Women in Spain
Introduction
The field of women's studies has tried to restore the place of women in history by looking at a wide range of women's roles and achievements in different historical periods. For example, Sanchez and Saens' (1996) compilation about Spanish women during the golden age explored the lives not only of queens but of women artisans and female religious figures. What is clear from these explorations is that women's lives were complex and their roles ambiguous, in some instances. Although the dominant culture of that age subordinated women, women's own efforts often allowed them to create some space for achievement and fulfillment.
There is some evidence, however, that women's position declined after this golden age. Instead of greater ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the legacy of Sandro Botticelli, known as one of the best and most spiritually enlightened of the Neo-Platonic Renaissance painters who was eventually hired by the Pope to work on the Sistine Chapel. He was born to an artisan-class family of tanners where his artistic tempermant was ignored and started his working career as a goldsmith until he received his first apprenticeship as an artist. Eventually he rose to fame, gained more commissions, both creating panels and the like for rich merchant families and frescoes and other church decorations. He became known for his dreamy and melancholic mythic religiousity and implications of human form and feature and ranked among the greatest of the allegorical and mystical painters of his time.
From the Paper "Sandro's original apprenticeship as an artist was under the legendary Fra Filippo Lippi. In many ways this was a fortunate choice in masters; Botticelli's mystical and dreamy nature fit well with Lippi's penchant for the ideal and devotional. An apprenticeship in one of the more modern, naturalistic studios might have created a far different Sandro Botticelli, or hidden his actual talent. (Botticelli, 13) Lippi's influence is obvious in most of his student's early work, to such a degree that most of the earliest Botticelli paintings are virtually recreations of Lippi pieces, keeping content and design and scene in common while changing method and form ever so slightly. The resemblance between Botticelli's Madonna Guidi and Lippi's Madonna and Child with Angel is far from accidental."
Abstract Discusses aesthetic sophistication of Bamun peoples of Fumban (historical capital of Bamun Kingdom) in Cameroon. Social and culture complexity of the people. Linguistic diversity. History of the various ethnic groups. Religioius beliefs & influence of European Missions & Colonization. Artwork. Works of Bamun artisans (Carving, weaving, embroidery, metalworking, leatherworking, pottery).
From the Paper "This paper takes as its point of departure a figure standing 63 inches tall crafted of wood, textile, glass beads, cowrie shells and brass in the late 19th century by the Bamum peoples of Fumban in the Grassfields region of Cameroon (85-8-1, gift of Evelyn A.J. Hall and John Friede, on display at the National Museum of African Art). The complex symbolism and beautiful artisanship of this piece provide a sense of the social and cultural complexity of this people and the aesthetic sophistication of the group.
Cameroon is often described as a "racial crossroads" because of its more than 200 different ethnic groups, although this linguistic wealth can in fact be simplified to some extent because almost all of the languages can be divided into three main linguistic groups: the Bantu-speaking people of the south, the ..."
Abstract The writer discusses the "Head of the King", a statue considered to have been created by a group of artists. This is determined by the style of the sculpture and the material used. The paper shows how statues from this period can be classified as belonging to a single artist or to a group. It is assumed, but not proven, that the works belonging to this "second style" can be timed to belong to the end of Amenhotep III's rule.
From the Paper "The work is a sculpture, depicting the head of the King. Its measurements are: Height, 34 inches; width 22.9 inches; depth, 25.3 inches. It is currently in the Louvre Museum, Paris, France. The head is constructed out of granodiorite, which is a very hard medium. It is interesting that, in spite of the difficulty of working the granodiorite, the artisans that sculpted the head have worked it "as though it were modeling clay" ( Kozloff, 164).
The work is presently in relatively good condition, for the parts that remain. The evidence shows that it was originally a life-sized statue of the King, with an original height of approximately 160 ? 170 centimeters. This would have been the height without any base or pedestal. Of course, there is no accurate way to determine for sure what the size of the base might have been. Other representative standing statues from this period are known to have been resting on bases of up to 100 to 150 centimeters."
Tags: sculpture, artisan, Egypt, Amenhotep, museum
Discusses the efficiency of the traditional production methods used by Italian's knitwear firms compared to the modernized production methods of firms such as Benetton.
Abstract Italian knitwear firms use an ancient method of production by which homeworkers use their own tools and workplaces to convert raw and semi-finished materials owned by large manufacturers into finished goods. This is quite different from the factory-oriented output used by other clothing and textile industries in modern industrialized nations. The paper shows that within both the Marxist and liberal paradigms of economic development, this sort of small-scale production would eventually give way to larger and more complex organizational forms, yet these firms persist in following the old ways. The paper examines the issue of how efficient can this method be and argues that Italian home production in this industry has shown that it can be as efficient as the factory production of knitwear represented by larger firms such as Benetton.
From the Paper "The basic steps in the production process are the same in the knitwear factory as in home production, though the different steps are all performed in the same locale and may be performed by machine instead of by individual artisan workers. These processes are concentrated in one place, but this also entails a larger bureaucratic structure to see to it that materials are acquired, cloth woven, goods produced, and orders filled according to specifications. Many of these steps are accomplished with less direct involvement by any given worker and without the personal touch that is often provided by the homeworker."
Abstract Ancient Egypt had a significant impact on early Greek culture, as can be evidenced by enduring artifacts. Egyptian sculptures, primarily created for the pharaohs or high-ranking officials and essentially religious in function, significantly influenced the form and style of statues of the early Archaic Age. Poses were rather rigid and very conventional and facial expression was confined to the typical Egyptian half smile. The paper shows that over time, Greek artisans began developing their own approach. By the late Archaic and definitely prior to the beginning of the Golden Age or Classical Period, artwork started to reflect evolving philosophies and ideals and to celebrate the human figure. Sculptures portrayed more elaborate features and less static stances.
From the Paper "The statues also represented the society's hierarchy. At the bottom of the rung were the slaves, tomb builders and farmers. Further up came the craftspeople, educators, doctors, noblemen and priests. The pharaoh filled more than the role of king and ruler. He was considered a god on earth. (Grant 1990, 23) Egyptians used the size of their statues to illustrate the social order. The pharaoh was larger then life size, scribes and court officials life size and workers and peasants always shown working. The images of the pharaoh, always larger than life, made him appear all the more god-like. The large works of sculpture were often displayed at temples that were built for the pharaoh's chosen deity."
Abstract This paper considers Ben Franklin to be one of the most important people of his century. The author believes that his contributions shaped America, which changed the world.
Abstract This paper will discuss the history and aesthetics of lacquerware in Japan. It will be seen that although the origins of this art form - like much of Japanese culture - lies in importation from China, Japanese artisans have over the course of centuries imposed their own unique styles and sense of aesthetics upon their lacquerware production.
Abstract This paper examines the man behind the musical work, "Symphonic Metamorphosis". The life of Paul Hindemith is discussed, and the manner in which the music piece was compiled is analyzed. It concludes that "Symphonic Metamorphosis" is an example of the work that has made Hindemith one of the most masterful artisans in musical history.
From the Paper "Paul Hindemith was born in Hanau, Germany on November 16, 1895. His father, Robert Rudolf, played the zither and was enthusiastic about music. Robert ran away from home at a young age because his father would not let him become a musician and as a result, he decided his own children should have the career he was not permitted to have. He subjected Paul, his brother, Rudolf, and his sister, Toni, to a strict routine of practice and training."
Tags: 20th, carl, century, folk, influence, maria, music, von, weber
