Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent is withdrawing or withholding artificial hydration justified and what are the implications of this for the patient. A summary of the study and reflections on the research is provided in the conclusion.

Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Implications of Physician-Assisted Suicide
Artificial Hydration and Relationship to Terminally Ill
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Today, medical knowledge is doubling every eight years; in fact, half of what students learn in their freshman year about the cutting edge of science and technology is obsolete, revised, or taken for granted by their senior year (Cetron & Davies, 2003). Modern innovations in medicine, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (which restores regular rhythm to an arrhythmic or failed heart) and mechanical respirators (which breathe for patients unable to expand their lungs) have in many cases been able to postpone a death that previously had been imminent."

Tags:euthanasia, hippocratic, hospice, oath, suicide

Abstract
This paper introduces the "Chinese Room" argument proposed by John Searle that cognitive understanding by a machine is impossible. It attempts to show artificially intelligent (AI) brains can, in fact, understand ideas in a human sense by comparing languages used by both humans and AI. It also compares the methods by which both humans and AI learn about their environments and uses juxtapositions between language acquisition and environment to show that human and artificial brains are in fact the same.

From the Paper
"While an individual program may not have true understanding abilities, a robot, complete with sensory perception units could. A brain knows where its sensory information comes from, whether it is ear, eye, skin, mouth or nose, and the brain can understand. Therefore, the man should be told from which sensory unit the symbols come, if it is to understand as the brain does. In addition, a brain is capable of knowing how to recognize individual objects. The English man, while he gets his information in Chinese, is able to write down patterns and then attempt to explain what is actually happening outside."

Tags:computers, knowledge, language, learning, philosophy

Abstract
The paper discusses the affects of artificial intelligence on future businesses. The paper examines how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. The paper further reviews the background behind artificial intelligence and analyses some of the "every-day" consequences it has produced in this generation. The paper concludes with the pros and cons of this science and engineering of making intelligent machines.

From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence will affect the next generation of businesspeople even more so than it has affected this generation of businesspeople. In the pages that follow, this paper will examine how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency - and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. In contextualizing the issue, the paper will review the modern history of artificial intelligence as well as some of the "every-day" consequences it has already produced. In the final analysis, what should emerge out of all of this is the recognition that technology giveth, but it also taketh away."

Tags:artificial, intelligence, business

Abstract
This paper explores several controversial issue associated with artificial intelligence. Despite the potential advantages it may provide for human society, the paper notes that artificial intelligence could present ethical, moral, and societal problems humanity may be incapable of resolving. \The paper further cites the works of scholars and popular press journalists regarding some of these implications.

From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence is a controversial issue because despite the potential advantages it may provide for human society, it could present ethical, moral, and societal problems humanity may be incapable of resolving. Scholars and popular press journalists alike acknowledge these implications, but the perspective of scholars is more informed , which enables them to provide insightful analytical assessments, while the popular press is less well-informed and tends to present AI issues in..."

Tags:artificial, intelligence, issues

Abstract
This paper examines why as computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. The paper maintains that these issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels, will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The paper explains that the philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life.

From the Paper
"As computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. These issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life."

Tags:artificial, intelligence, issues

Abstract
The paper explores seven components of artificial intelligence and provides an overview of the field itself. The paper considers the outlook for artificial intelligence and discusses the critical role A.I. plays in medicine and business.

From the Paper
"Artificial intelligence has held considerable promise for enhancing the lives of humans for many years and has even taken hold of our imaginations. Movies such as "The Stepford Wives" and "A I" play on the fears of how humans would interact with intelligent machines and the television show "Star Trek The Next Generation" explored the issue of the relationship that humans and intelligent machines would have through the character of Data."

Tags:artificial intelligence, natural language procesing, expert systems, intelligent agents, pattern recognition, fuzzy logic, virtual reality/simulation, robotics

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines artificial intelligence (AI) technology. The writer looks at what this technology is, who its users are, its historical background as well as how the technology is being currently used, with concrete examples of applications in business, technology and everyday life. The essay also examines the future of this technology as well as its potential uses and misuses and their effects on the society.

From the Paper
"The main question of the essay is whether AI is a positive or negative technology today as well as potentially in the future. The essay will argue that it has many positive (but not all) impacts today, but as the technology advances certain ethical questions will need to be addressed."

Tags:technology, artificial, intelligence, future

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses artificial hearts. While the paper explores the topic in general, there is an overall focus on healthcare management. The topics covered include a historical view of the topic, current assessment and conclusion including recommendations on how to maximize the effectiveness of the TAH program and make it more readily available and advantageous from a healthcare management viewpoint.

From the Paper
"There are approximately 5 million American adults whose hearts are failing. Of those with an extremely poor prognosis, the current survival rates are only 50%. What can be done to change the odds? Artificial hearts designed by man, can be used instead of the one designed by God. These marvels of modern technology are a startling reality that began in theory back in the 1960s when Dr. Michael DeBakey designed and developed the roller pump used in the heart/lung machine used during heart transplants. The topic of whether or not to use artificial hearts to keep those on heart transplant lists alive until such time as a heart becomes available is now under debate for human use."

Tags:heart, implant, artificial

Abstract
This paper examines the development of research into artificial intelligence. It traces the roots of the discipline back to the 1950s when the term was first coined. The author traces the development of AI research into the present where researchers are struggling to create software that emulates human cognition. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the potential future implications of AI research.

From the Paper
"Achieving artificial intelligence is an accomplishment in computing that has enticed and frightened people for decades. But just how likely is that achievement? Examining the history of artificial intelligence studies as well as its present course and future implications should serve as a useful stepping off point for understanding both the promises and perils of artificial intelligence. In short, artificial intelligence research has progressed through a series of period over the past fifty years, each building on the last to drive the discipline closer to the realization of computational thought. It is only in recent years that we have begun to apply what has been learned and develop more finely tuned forms of artificial intelligence. The future for the discipline is, of course, uncertain."

Tags:artificial, history, intelligence

Abstract
This paper examines Searle's original argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence, or what he calls intrinsically intelligent AI. This argument was presented in "Minds, Brains, and Programs" which contains his original formulation of the Chinese Room example and many others. This paper explains Searle's original view (which has been slightly modified in recent years) against the possibility of strong AI. It then examines the serious shortcomings in his argument, namely his flagrant assumption that intelligence is a bio-chemical property, something that he barely mentions in his text. Holfstadter later called this view "bio-chauvinist." The writer examines what it is Searle is trying to say, where his bio-chauvinism comes into play, and what the end result is.

From the Paper
"In his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs," John R. Searle attempts to establish the impossibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI), that an "appropriately programmed computer" can have genuine mental states. The validity of strong AI implies a direct correspondence between mental states and formal processes, and as such, insists that a properly defined program is sufficient for producing understanding and intentionality in the thing instantiating that program. Searle refutes this claim, arguing that a program could not be sufficient for producing intentionality because for any program it is possible to instantiate it in something without producing mental states in the thing. In elucidating this central point, Searle derives a distinction between "intrinsic" intentionality and "derived" intentionality. He defines intrinsic intentionality as the sort present in things that clearly have mental states, such as people. Searle distinguishes this from derived intentionality, which he claims is ascribed by those with intrinsic intentionality to things that "perform the sort of functions that we perform on the basis of our intentionality," but that do not actually possess mental states or a genuine intentionality. With this distinction, Searle's claim that programs are not sufficient, or even necessary, for producing intentionality becomes a claim that mere things - namely computers for our purposes - can only have derived intentionality and never can possess intrinsic intentionality. Searle's argument, pushed by his example of the Chinese room, at first seems to raise an alarming challenge to AI proponents, but on closer examination it becomes clear that the thrust of Searle's claim relies on some highly debatable intuitions and assumptions he makes a priori. In this paper I will argue that Searle's conclusion is entirely dependent these contestable assumptions and intuitions. I will then attempt to construct what Searle's response to this objection would likely be, and I will conclude by discussing the significance of this debate with regards to AI and all of cognitive science."

Tags:ai, artificial, bio, chauvinism, chinese, fodor, intelligence, intelligent, intrinsically, room, searle