Abstract "The Rain God" is a tale of desert and rain, of blooming plants and dying people. This paper questions how all of these ideas and images relate.It shows how the three images have to be considered as one, because all represent the continuance of the cycle of life. A blooming and flourishing garden represents life as much as death, just as the desert and rain represent both. The paper explains that the correlation between life and death is best explained by examining the many images of the desert and water presented in the work.
From the Paper "In the book rain and desert are present as symbols synonymous with life and death, and the earth and gardens that grow from it represent the same. The desert is present throughout the story as a metaphor for pain and suffering. In many instances throughout the novel Islas expresses human emotion and behavior, particularly the negative and painful aspects of life, through earth imagery. The desert in many chapters represents the pain of life felt by primary characters and the pain inflicted on characters that results from family sins. Many people within the novel try to escape "the desert", or pain and suffering, but become injured or die while attempting this feat."
Abstract This paper discusses ways of coping with loneliness, in reference to Ernest Hemingway's short story "Cat in the Rain" as well as the writer's personal experience.
Abstract The paper discusses the affects of artificial intelligence on future businesses. The paper examines how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. The paper further reviews the background behind artificial intelligence and analyses some of the "every-day" consequences it has produced in this generation. The paper concludes with the pros and cons of this science and engineering of making intelligent machines.
From the Paper "Artificial Intelligence will affect the next generation of businesspeople even more so than it has affected this generation of businesspeople. In the pages that follow, this paper will examine how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency - and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. In contextualizing the issue, the paper will review the modern history of artificial intelligence as well as some of the "every-day" consequences it has already produced. In the final analysis, what should emerge out of all of this is the recognition that technology giveth, but it also taketh away."
Abstract The paper explores seven components of artificial intelligence and provides an overview of the field itself. The paper considers the outlook for artificial intelligence and discusses the critical role A.I. plays in medicine and business.
From the Paper "Artificial intelligence has held considerable promise for enhancing the lives of humans for many years and has even taken hold of our imaginations. Movies such as "The Stepford Wives" and "A I" play on the fears of how humans would interact with intelligent machines and the television show "Star Trek The Next Generation" explored the issue of the relationship that humans and intelligent machines would have through the character of Data."
Abstract This paper examines why as computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. The paper maintains that these issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels, will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The paper explains that the philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life.
From the Paper "As computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. These issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life."
Abstract This paper examines Searle's original argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence, or what he calls intrinsically intelligent AI. This argument was presented in "Minds, Brains, and Programs" which contains his original formulation of the Chinese Room example and many others. This paper explains Searle's original view (which has been slightly modified in recent years) against the possibility of strong AI. It then examines the serious shortcomings in his argument, namely his flagrant assumption that intelligence is a bio-chemical property, something that he barely mentions in his text. Holfstadter later called this view "bio-chauvinist." The writer examines what it is Searle is trying to say, where his bio-chauvinism comes into play, and what the end result is.
From the Paper "In his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs," John R. Searle attempts to establish the impossibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI), that an "appropriately programmed computer" can have genuine mental states. The validity of strong AI implies a direct correspondence between mental states and formal processes, and as such, insists that a properly defined program is sufficient for producing understanding and intentionality in the thing instantiating that program. Searle refutes this claim, arguing that a program could not be sufficient for producing intentionality because for any program it is possible to instantiate it in something without producing mental states in the thing. In elucidating this central point, Searle derives a distinction between "intrinsic" intentionality and "derived" intentionality. He defines intrinsic intentionality as the sort present in things that clearly have mental states, such as people. Searle distinguishes this from derived intentionality, which he claims is ascribed by those with intrinsic intentionality to things that "perform the sort of functions that we perform on the basis of our intentionality," but that do not actually possess mental states or a genuine intentionality. With this distinction, Searle's claim that programs are not sufficient, or even necessary, for producing intentionality becomes a claim that mere things - namely computers for our purposes - can only have derived intentionality and never can possess intrinsic intentionality. Searle's argument, pushed by his example of the Chinese room, at first seems to raise an alarming challenge to AI proponents, but on closer examination it becomes clear that the thrust of Searle's claim relies on some highly debatable intuitions and assumptions he makes a priori. In this paper I will argue that Searle's conclusion is entirely dependent these contestable assumptions and intuitions. I will then attempt to construct what Searle's response to this objection would likely be, and I will conclude by discussing the significance of this debate with regards to AI and all of cognitive science."
Abstract This paper examines the development of research into artificial intelligence. It traces the roots of the discipline back to the 1950s when the term was first coined. The author traces the development of AI research into the present where researchers are struggling to create software that emulates human cognition. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the potential future implications of AI research.
From the Paper "Achieving artificial intelligence is an accomplishment in computing that has enticed and frightened people for decades. But just how likely is that achievement? Examining the history of artificial intelligence studies as well as its present course and future implications should serve as a useful stepping off point for understanding both the promises and perils of artificial intelligence. In short, artificial intelligence research has progressed through a series of period over the past fifty years, each building on the last to drive the discipline closer to the realization of computational thought. It is only in recent years that we have begun to apply what has been learned and develop more finely tuned forms of artificial intelligence. The future for the discipline is, of course, uncertain."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses artificial hearts. While the paper explores the topic in general, there is an overall focus on healthcare management. The topics covered include a historical view of the topic, current assessment and conclusion including recommendations on how to maximize the effectiveness of the TAH program and make it more readily available and advantageous from a healthcare management viewpoint.
From the Paper "There are approximately 5 million American adults whose hearts are failing. Of those with an extremely poor prognosis, the current survival rates are only 50%. What can be done to change the odds? Artificial hearts designed by man, can be used instead of the one designed by God. These marvels of modern technology are a startling reality that began in theory back in the 1960s when Dr. Michael DeBakey designed and developed the roller pump used in the heart/lung machine used during heart transplants. The topic of whether or not to use artificial hearts to keep those on heart transplant lists alive until such time as a heart becomes available is now under debate for human use."
Abstract This paper explores how acid rain is produced, what its impact is on the environment, what has been done by government agencies to help the problem, how effective these measures have been, what individuals can do to help reduce this problem, what are the current technologies for reducing emissions and how these technologies can be used to reduce acid rain in the future. It demonstrates that current attempts to reduce emissions from power plants will not have a significant effect on acid rain reduction; and will support the idea that there is not a single solution to the problem of acid rain, but rather a combination of technologies and methods will have to be utilized to have a noticeable effect of the reduction of and repair of environmental destruction caused by acid rain.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
How Acid Rain is Formed
Effect of Acid Rain on the Environment
How Large is This Problem?
What Has Already Been Done to Reduce Emissions?
Have These Measures Been Effective?
What is the Future of the Acid Rain Issue?
How Can an Individual Help?
Current Trends in Alternative Power as a Solution to the Problem
Summary
Works Cited
From the paper:
"Our modern world has many conveniences. We enjoy hot water, lights, computers, cars, and many other conveniences, which are now an integral part of our society. Many of us cannot imagine life without them. We seldom think about the costs every time we turn on a light. We do not think about the where the electricity is produced and what the effects on the environment might be. We simply turn on the light. As with all good things, there is a cost. One cost of our modern conveniences is acid rain caused by the burning of fossil fuels. The effects of acid rain came into the forefront during the early seventies as its effects began to be noticed on a global level. The impact of the effects of acid rain is considered to be of great concern to some and of little concern to others. No matter which side you are on, we all must agree that energy consumption will continue to increase globally and we must be weary of the effects of energy production and always stay focused on future generations."
Abstract This paper explains that acid rain as an environmental concern is not mentioned as much any more though its danger remains. The paper points out that acid rain is a global problem because wind directions are global. The paper also describes the many adverse effects of acid rain such as its impact on fish larvae. The paper then discusses the parts of the 1990 Clean Air Act, which are devoted to the prevention of acid rain. The paper includes many formulas detailing the creation and effects of acid rain.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Acid Rain Chemistry of Acid Rain Adverse Effects of Acid Rain Efforts to Curb the Effects of Acid Rain
From the Paper "This same idea can be used to explain atmospheric pollution. A few decades ago, the beautiful, Indian monument, the Taj Mahal, started developing cracks in it and the brilliant marble colors started taking on a dull hue. It was discovered that a nearby factory was releasing sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. The resulting acid rain had deposited on the surface of the marble (CaCO3) converting it into the dull gypsum (CaSO4.1/2 H2O). Calcium sulfate also has twice the molar volume of calcium carbonate. This expansion had resulted in added stress resulting in cracks."
Tags: ecosystem, global winds, carbonic acid, photosynthesis guidelines
Abstract Cutting the rain forest threatens biodiversity. Cutting the rain forest destroys a valuable carbon sink to protect against greenhouse gases. Cutting down the rain forest threatens the indigenous people in the rain forest. Finally, attempts to repair the damage have failed.
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the book "Farewell to Arms" by Ernest Hemingway. Specifically, it discusses rain throughout the story. Rain and water are two recurring themes woven through the story. Hemingway uses water and rain as a subtle warning of the characters ultimate fate. The author illustrates how Hemingway uses rain and water elements as a vibrant and effective symbol of darkness and misery throughout the novel.
From the Paper "Just as rain turns a day dark and dreary, so does the rain in this novel turn people's lives from sunny to gloomy. In the one dissention from this theme, the rain "baptizes" the character Henry when he deserts the Italian army, thereby blessing his desertion and his "rebirth." Rain flows through the book in a never-ending river, and whoever it touches is never the same. Hemingway's powerful writing, combined with this compelling theme, makes this story tragic, and yet unforgettable."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed examination of acid rain and its impact on the environment. The writer explores what acid rain is and how it is created and then details the many different ways that it can hurt the eco-system. The writer concludes with a discussion about what can be done, on an individual and organizational level, to reduce the threat of acid rain to the environment.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What Is It?
Effects of Acid rain Solving the Problem
Conclusion
From the Paper "The harm that acid rain does can be measured tangibly with scientific testing but it also has an intangible impact on the atmosphere as it causes changes to the way things look and feel as well. The beauty of plants and forests and streams can be negatively affected through the damage that acid rain leaves behind (Understanding acid rain http://weather.about.com/library/weekly/aa032502a.htm)."
"One of the more specific issues with acid rains is its ability to cause the acidification of lakes and streams worldwide. It is also causing damage to trees, especially the trees that are found at higher elevations. One example of this is the red spruce trees that are normally located at 2,000 feet above sea level (Effects of Acid Rain http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/index.html)."
Abstract This paper discusses the definition and causes of acid rain, as well as its harmful effects on aquatic systems, forests, man-made structures and human health. It also discusses the global implications of acid rain as a migratory form of air pollution and how this presents problems in the regulatory arena, especially from an international standpoint--for example, when acid rain generated by factories in the southern U.S. states is blown by wind patterns across the Mexican border, or vice versa.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Acid Precipitation?
Definition
Common Pollutants and Reactions Involved
Sources of Acid Precipitation Pollutants
The Harmful Effects of Acid Precipitation
Effects on Aquatic Systems
Effects on Forests and Other Terrestrial Ecosystems
Effects on Man-Made Structures and Materials
Effects on Human Health
Global Implications of the Acid Precipitation Problem
Air Pollution Migration
The International Challenge
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Air pollution is a well-recognized environmental problem throughout the world. Studies have shown, time and time again, that the environmental and health-based impacts of air pollution are both detrimental and undeniable. One of the most important forms of air pollution for our society as a whole to recognize and deal with in an expedient manner is acid precipitation. Because of the very nature of this type of air pollution, the direct and indirect effects of acid precipitation are both far-reaching and difficult to get under control. Understanding more about the causes, effects, and implications of acid precipitation and its impacts on our daily lives is the first step that we all need to take in adopting a more proactive approach to solving this problem."
Abstract This paper provides a definition of "acid rain" and how it is formed. It looks at the dangers of acid rain and the damage it is doing to the environment. It briefly examines options and programs that can be performed to reduce acid rain.
From the Paper "The term "acid rain" is a little misleading. Rain is naturally acidic, from both carbon dioxide in the air and absorption of chlorine from the ocean (Gordon, 2002). All compounds can be measured for acidity or alkalinity on a Ph scale ranging from 0 ? 14, with anything below 7 showing at least slight acidity. Rain is judged "acid" when its Ph falls below 5. (Gordon, 2002) Environmental scientists are concerned because in some parts of our country, the level of acidity in rain and snow has increased beyond its normal levels. This has had a serious impact in several areas, including our forests in the northeast and many of our most valued monuments."
