Abstract
The paper discusses the affects of artificial intelligence on future businesses. The paper examines how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. The paper further reviews the background behind artificial intelligence and analyses some of the "every-day" consequences it has produced in this generation. The paper concludes with the pros and cons of this science and engineering of making intelligent machines.

From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence will affect the next generation of businesspeople even more so than it has affected this generation of businesspeople. In the pages that follow, this paper will examine how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency - and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. In contextualizing the issue, the paper will review the modern history of artificial intelligence as well as some of the "every-day" consequences it has already produced. In the final analysis, what should emerge out of all of this is the recognition that technology giveth, but it also taketh away."

Tags:artificial, intelligence, business

Abstract
This paper discusses ways of coping with loneliness, in reference to Ernest Hemingway's short story "Cat in the Rain" as well as the writer's personal experience.

Tags:coping, loneliness, rain

Abstract
This paper discusses the advent of sound into the silent movie industry and the changes it made in movies, highlighting the movie "Singin' in the Rain," which chronicled the transition.

From the Paper
"The advent of sound in the Hollywood movie industry was a cataclysmic event. Silent movies were strictly visual, with only the organ music for sound, so film stars did not need pleasing voices or voices that were consistent with their characters. Strong adventurers could sound like Casper Milquetoast and it did not matter and voluptuous women could sound like Minnie Mouse with no one the wiser. Storytelling was accomplished through silent gesturing that was essentially mime and silent actors used actions big enough to ensure..."

Tags:Singin' in the Rain, Gene Kelly, Donald O'Connor, talkies, silent movies, silent film, advent of sound

Abstract
This paper explores several controversial issue associated with artificial intelligence. Despite the potential advantages it may provide for human society, the paper notes that artificial intelligence could present ethical, moral, and societal problems humanity may be incapable of resolving. \The paper further cites the works of scholars and popular press journalists regarding some of these implications.

From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence is a controversial issue because despite the potential advantages it may provide for human society, it could present ethical, moral, and societal problems humanity may be incapable of resolving. Scholars and popular press journalists alike acknowledge these implications, but the perspective of scholars is more informed , which enables them to provide insightful analytical assessments, while the popular press is less well-informed and tends to present AI issues in..."

Tags:artificial, intelligence, issues

Abstract
The paper explores seven components of artificial intelligence and provides an overview of the field itself. The paper considers the outlook for artificial intelligence and discusses the critical role A.I. plays in medicine and business.

From the Paper
"Artificial intelligence has held considerable promise for enhancing the lives of humans for many years and has even taken hold of our imaginations. Movies such as "The Stepford Wives" and "A I" play on the fears of how humans would interact with intelligent machines and the television show "Star Trek The Next Generation" explored the issue of the relationship that humans and intelligent machines would have through the character of Data."

Tags:artificial intelligence, natural language procesing, expert systems, intelligent agents, pattern recognition, fuzzy logic, virtual reality/simulation, robotics

Abstract
This paper examines why as computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. The paper maintains that these issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels, will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The paper explains that the philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life.

From the Paper
"As computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. These issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life."

Tags:artificial, intelligence, issues

Abstract
This paper examines the development of research into artificial intelligence. It traces the roots of the discipline back to the 1950s when the term was first coined. The author traces the development of AI research into the present where researchers are struggling to create software that emulates human cognition. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the potential future implications of AI research.

From the Paper
"Achieving artificial intelligence is an accomplishment in computing that has enticed and frightened people for decades. But just how likely is that achievement? Examining the history of artificial intelligence studies as well as its present course and future implications should serve as a useful stepping off point for understanding both the promises and perils of artificial intelligence. In short, artificial intelligence research has progressed through a series of period over the past fifty years, each building on the last to drive the discipline closer to the realization of computational thought. It is only in recent years that we have begun to apply what has been learned and develop more finely tuned forms of artificial intelligence. The future for the discipline is, of course, uncertain."

Tags:artificial, history, intelligence

Abstract
This paper examines Searle's original argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence, or what he calls intrinsically intelligent AI. This argument was presented in "Minds, Brains, and Programs" which contains his original formulation of the Chinese Room example and many others. This paper explains Searle's original view (which has been slightly modified in recent years) against the possibility of strong AI. It then examines the serious shortcomings in his argument, namely his flagrant assumption that intelligence is a bio-chemical property, something that he barely mentions in his text. Holfstadter later called this view "bio-chauvinist." The writer examines what it is Searle is trying to say, where his bio-chauvinism comes into play, and what the end result is.

From the Paper
"In his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs," John R. Searle attempts to establish the impossibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI), that an "appropriately programmed computer" can have genuine mental states. The validity of strong AI implies a direct correspondence between mental states and formal processes, and as such, insists that a properly defined program is sufficient for producing understanding and intentionality in the thing instantiating that program. Searle refutes this claim, arguing that a program could not be sufficient for producing intentionality because for any program it is possible to instantiate it in something without producing mental states in the thing. In elucidating this central point, Searle derives a distinction between "intrinsic" intentionality and "derived" intentionality. He defines intrinsic intentionality as the sort present in things that clearly have mental states, such as people. Searle distinguishes this from derived intentionality, which he claims is ascribed by those with intrinsic intentionality to things that "perform the sort of functions that we perform on the basis of our intentionality," but that do not actually possess mental states or a genuine intentionality. With this distinction, Searle's claim that programs are not sufficient, or even necessary, for producing intentionality becomes a claim that mere things - namely computers for our purposes - can only have derived intentionality and never can possess intrinsic intentionality. Searle's argument, pushed by his example of the Chinese room, at first seems to raise an alarming challenge to AI proponents, but on closer examination it becomes clear that the thrust of Searle's claim relies on some highly debatable intuitions and assumptions he makes a priori. In this paper I will argue that Searle's conclusion is entirely dependent these contestable assumptions and intuitions. I will then attempt to construct what Searle's response to this objection would likely be, and I will conclude by discussing the significance of this debate with regards to AI and all of cognitive science."

Tags:ai, artificial, bio, chauvinism, chinese, fodor, intelligence, intelligent, intrinsically, room, searle

Abstract
The paper looks at the direct causes of deforestation and at the means by which soil degradation can be reduced. The paper offers the most extreme solution that is a moratorium on commercial timber sales and road construction on federal forests. The paper also suggests that governments provide assistance to workers who feel compelled to engage in activities that contribute to soil degradation and considers the possibility of artificially re-flooding areas that were formerly flooded naturally. The paper also notes the option of encouraging citizens to need less of the products that are harvested from the rain forests in order to reduce the supply of timber logged.

From the Paper
"Environmental problems are often and not surprisingly all are interrelated. Two of the elements that are interrelated most closely are deforestation and soil degradation, because soil degradation contributes to deforestation, and the problems that arise from each are one and the same. These two areas of concern are most reflected and well known in South America, in the Amazonian forest, which is losing trees at a disproportionately alarming rate due to land development. These trees are part of an ecological balance because trees clean the earth, and deforestation mixed with soil degradation leads to not only a reduction in trees but a reduction in the amount of trees that are being restored and that can be restored."

Tags:road, construction, timber, logging, trees, rainforests

Abstract
This paper commences by defining eight terms related to water geography such as a water surplus is a period in time when there is enough water for plants to feed and aquatic life to thrive. The author then examines that Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), a federal law first enacted in 1974 and revised in 1996, which promotes better standards for public drinking water under the responsibility of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The third part of this paper considers the utility of dams by exploring the five primary advantages and disadvantages of dams. The author concludes that dams, as man-made structures, are neither good nor bad but rather neutral in value.

Table of Contents:
Eight Terms
Water Surplus/Deficit
Cloud Seeding
Giardiasis/Cryptosporidium
Doctrine of Prior Appropriations
Scour and Fill/Levees
Dissolved Load/Suspended Load/Bed Load
Chlorination/Trihalomethanes (THMs)
Anadromous Fish/Catadromous Fish
The Safe Drinking Water Act
Dams
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The collapse of a dam, while not often probable, is a real threat. Because of this dams require constant monitoring which can take a further toll on economic resources. Damns also redirect water, which may enable certain populations to benefit, including residents living near the dam, but may also harm the natural landscape and plant or marine life residing in the region a dam is created. While a dam may prevent flooding most of the time, it may result in the mass destruction of an entire residential area should the dam expire."

Tags:parasite, artificial rain, irrigation flooding contaminants