Abstract
This paper examines the development of research into artificial intelligence. It traces the roots of the discipline back to the 1950s when the term was first coined. The author traces the development of AI research into the present where researchers are struggling to create software that emulates human cognition. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the potential future implications of AI research.

From the Paper
"Achieving artificial intelligence is an accomplishment in computing that has enticed and frightened people for decades. But just how likely is that achievement? Examining the history of artificial intelligence studies as well as its present course and future implications should serve as a useful stepping off point for understanding both the promises and perils of artificial intelligence. In short, artificial intelligence research has progressed through a series of period over the past fifty years, each building on the last to drive the discipline closer to the realization of computational thought. It is only in recent years that we have begun to apply what has been learned and develop more finely tuned forms of artificial intelligence. The future for the discipline is, of course, uncertain."

Tags:artificial, history, intelligence

Abstract
The paper discusses the affects of artificial intelligence on future businesses. The paper examines how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. The paper further reviews the background behind artificial intelligence and analyses some of the "every-day" consequences it has produced in this generation. The paper concludes with the pros and cons of this science and engineering of making intelligent machines.

From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence will affect the next generation of businesspeople even more so than it has affected this generation of businesspeople. In the pages that follow, this paper will examine how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency - and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. In contextualizing the issue, the paper will review the modern history of artificial intelligence as well as some of the "every-day" consequences it has already produced. In the final analysis, what should emerge out of all of this is the recognition that technology giveth, but it also taketh away."

Tags:artificial, intelligence, business

Abstract
This paper explores several controversial issue associated with artificial intelligence. Despite the potential advantages it may provide for human society, the paper notes that artificial intelligence could present ethical, moral, and societal problems humanity may be incapable of resolving. \The paper further cites the works of scholars and popular press journalists regarding some of these implications.

From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence is a controversial issue because despite the potential advantages it may provide for human society, it could present ethical, moral, and societal problems humanity may be incapable of resolving. Scholars and popular press journalists alike acknowledge these implications, but the perspective of scholars is more informed , which enables them to provide insightful analytical assessments, while the popular press is less well-informed and tends to present AI issues in..."

Tags:artificial, intelligence, issues

Abstract
The student relates that when he began the University of Phoenix program, he was frustrated with both his personal and professional life, and this was because despite the attempts that he had made at progressing to a more successful level, his desire to achieve his educational goals was not being met. The writer asserts that he had long felt a passion to continue with his education, through circumstances prevented him from beginning to realize his dreams.

From the Paper
"When I began the University of Phoenix program I was frustrated with both my personal and professional life. This was because despite the attempts that I had made at progressing to a more successful level, my desire to achieve my educational goals was not being met. For me personally, I had long felt a passion to continue with my education, through circumstances prevented me from beginning to realize my dreams. This created unrest within me and prevented me from progressing at the professional level. My passion for progressing with my education was personally significant..."

Tags:past, present, future

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines artificial intelligence (AI) technology. The writer looks at what this technology is, who its users are, its historical background as well as how the technology is being currently used, with concrete examples of applications in business, technology and everyday life. The essay also examines the future of this technology as well as its potential uses and misuses and their effects on the society.

From the Paper
"The main question of the essay is whether AI is a positive or negative technology today as well as potentially in the future. The essay will argue that it has many positive (but not all) impacts today, but as the technology advances certain ethical questions will need to be addressed."

Tags:technology, artificial, intelligence, future

Abstract
This paper examines why as computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. The paper maintains that these issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels, will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The paper explains that the philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life.

From the Paper
"As computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. These issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life."

Tags:artificial, intelligence, issues

Abstract
The paper explores seven components of artificial intelligence and provides an overview of the field itself. The paper considers the outlook for artificial intelligence and discusses the critical role A.I. plays in medicine and business.

From the Paper
"Artificial intelligence has held considerable promise for enhancing the lives of humans for many years and has even taken hold of our imaginations. Movies such as "The Stepford Wives" and "A I" play on the fears of how humans would interact with intelligent machines and the television show "Star Trek The Next Generation" explored the issue of the relationship that humans and intelligent machines would have through the character of Data."

Tags:artificial intelligence, natural language procesing, expert systems, intelligent agents, pattern recognition, fuzzy logic, virtual reality/simulation, robotics

Abstract
This paper examines artificial intelligence (AI) technology. It looks at what this technology is, who its users are, its historical background as well as how the technology is being currently used, with concrete examples of applications in business, technology and everyday life. It also examines the future of this technology as well as its potential uses and misuses and their effects on the society. The main question of the paper is whether AI is a positive or negative technology today as well as the future. It also contends that as the technology advances, certain ethical questions will need to be addressed.

From the Paper
"AI can be defined as the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer programs (Moy). Furthermore, it is also related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence (McCarthy). The idea, or vision of AI goes back centuries all the way to Greek mythology (Buchanan). With the advent of computers, after World War II it became achievable to create computer programs with AI. After the war, nations like the USA federally sponsored research in the filed of AI. In the 1950 Alan Turing, one of the leading researchers in AI, came up with the Turing test, which is still in use today."

Tags:human, intelligence, processes, robots

Abstract
This paper examines Searle's original argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence, or what he calls intrinsically intelligent AI. This argument was presented in "Minds, Brains, and Programs" which contains his original formulation of the Chinese Room example and many others. This paper explains Searle's original view (which has been slightly modified in recent years) against the possibility of strong AI. It then examines the serious shortcomings in his argument, namely his flagrant assumption that intelligence is a bio-chemical property, something that he barely mentions in his text. Holfstadter later called this view "bio-chauvinist." The writer examines what it is Searle is trying to say, where his bio-chauvinism comes into play, and what the end result is.

From the Paper
"In his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs," John R. Searle attempts to establish the impossibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI), that an "appropriately programmed computer" can have genuine mental states. The validity of strong AI implies a direct correspondence between mental states and formal processes, and as such, insists that a properly defined program is sufficient for producing understanding and intentionality in the thing instantiating that program. Searle refutes this claim, arguing that a program could not be sufficient for producing intentionality because for any program it is possible to instantiate it in something without producing mental states in the thing. In elucidating this central point, Searle derives a distinction between "intrinsic" intentionality and "derived" intentionality. He defines intrinsic intentionality as the sort present in things that clearly have mental states, such as people. Searle distinguishes this from derived intentionality, which he claims is ascribed by those with intrinsic intentionality to things that "perform the sort of functions that we perform on the basis of our intentionality," but that do not actually possess mental states or a genuine intentionality. With this distinction, Searle's claim that programs are not sufficient, or even necessary, for producing intentionality becomes a claim that mere things - namely computers for our purposes - can only have derived intentionality and never can possess intrinsic intentionality. Searle's argument, pushed by his example of the Chinese room, at first seems to raise an alarming challenge to AI proponents, but on closer examination it becomes clear that the thrust of Searle's claim relies on some highly debatable intuitions and assumptions he makes a priori. In this paper I will argue that Searle's conclusion is entirely dependent these contestable assumptions and intuitions. I will then attempt to construct what Searle's response to this objection would likely be, and I will conclude by discussing the significance of this debate with regards to AI and all of cognitive science."

Tags:ai, artificial, bio, chauvinism, chinese, fodor, intelligence, intelligent, intrinsically, room, searle

Abstract
This paper examines the philosophical and scientific implications of artificial intelligence for humanity. The paper traces the original connection made between human thought and computer processes and then goes on to explain how the question of artificial intelligence then became not whether an advanced computer can be built, but rather what is intelligence. The paper also looks at the evolution of computer capabilities and how they are now more capable of intelligent thought than ever before, but are still not capable of common sense or an understanding of what they are for or the limits of their applicability. The paper concludes with the observation that, while newer and more advanced technology will bring major changes to the level of artificial intelligence, whether these changes will actually approximate human intelligence is still an unknown.

From the Paper
"Not even a century ago in fact, not even a half-century ago--few people could have imagined the present-day world with computers operating most of the government and business processes and the Internet running in millions of homes. Thus it would have been nearly impossible to comprehend artificial intelligence (AI) and that scientists would try to create a machine (AI) to learn, adapt, reason, correct or improve itself. Whether or not this will become a reality is still unknown. AI pioneer Chris Langton says that this "intelligent entity" will never be possible. He believes, "when scientists are faced with the choice of either admitting that the computer process is alive, or moving the goalposts to exclude the computer from the exclusive club of living organisms, they will choose the latter." Is this true? Will humans never admit that a computer can actually function as real life? Or will they instead decide there is nothing special about life, and humanity can therefore be designed, built and replicated? At least for the time being, there is no answer to this dilemma."

Tags:understanding, mechanisms, thought, intelligent, behavior, machines, computation, logic, nervous, system