Abstract This paper examines the development of research into artificialintelligence. It traces the roots of the discipline back to the 1950s when the term was first coined. The author traces the development of AI research into the present where researchers are struggling to create software that emulates human cognition. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the potential future implications of AI research.
From the Paper "Achieving artificial intelligence is an accomplishment in computing that has enticed and frightened people for decades. But just how likely is that achievement? Examining the history of artificial intelligence studies as well as its present course and future implications should serve as a useful stepping off point for understanding both the promises and perils of artificial intelligence. In short, artificial intelligence research has progressed through a series of period over the past fifty years, each building on the last to drive the discipline closer to the realization of computational thought. It is only in recent years that we have begun to apply what has been learned and develop more finely tuned forms of artificial intelligence. The future for the discipline is, of course, uncertain."
Abstract The paper discusses the affects of artificialintelligence on future businesses. The paper examines how the arrival of artificialintelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. The paper further reviews the background behind artificialintelligence and analyses some of the "every-day" consequences it has produced in this generation. The paper concludes with the pros and cons of this science and engineering of making intelligent machines.
From the Paper "Artificial Intelligence will affect the next generation of businesspeople even more so than it has affected this generation of businesspeople. In the pages that follow, this paper will examine how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency - and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. In contextualizing the issue, the paper will review the modern history of artificial intelligence as well as some of the "every-day" consequences it has already produced. In the final analysis, what should emerge out of all of this is the recognition that technology giveth, but it also taketh away."
Abstract The paper explores seven components of artificialintelligence and provides an overview of the field itself. The paper considers the outlook for artificialintelligence and discusses the critical role A.I. plays in medicine and business.
From the Paper "Artificial intelligence has held considerable promise for enhancing the lives of humans for many years and has even taken hold of our imaginations. Movies such as "The Stepford Wives" and "A I" play on the fears of how humans would interact with intelligent machines and the television show "Star Trek The Next Generation" explored the issue of the relationship that humans and intelligent machines would have through the character of Data."
Abstract This paper examines why as computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificialintelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. The paper maintains that these issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels, will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The paper explains that the philosophical implications of artificialintelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life.
From the Paper "As computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. These issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life."
Abstract This paper examines artificialintelligence (AI) technology. It looks at what this technology is, who its users are, its historical background as well as how the technology is being currently used, with concrete examples of applications in business, technology and everyday life. It also examines the future of this technology as well as its potential uses and misuses and their effects on the society. The main question of the paper is whether AI is a positive or negative technology today as well as the future. It also contends that as the technology advances, certain ethical questions will need to be addressed.
From the Paper "AI can be defined as the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer programs (Moy). Furthermore, it is also related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence (McCarthy). The idea, or vision of AI goes back centuries all the way to Greek mythology (Buchanan). With the advent of computers, after World War II it became achievable to create computer programs with AI. After the war, nations like the USA federally sponsored research in the filed of AI. In the 1950 Alan Turing, one of the leading researchers in AI, came up with the Turing test, which is still in use today."
Abstract This paper examines Searle's original argument against the possibility of strong ArtificialIntelligence, or what he calls intrinsically intelligent AI. This argument was presented in "Minds, Brains, and Programs" which contains his original formulation of the Chinese Room example and many others. This paper explains Searle's original view (which has been slightly modified in recent years) against the possibility of strong AI. It then examines the serious shortcomings in his argument, namely his flagrant assumption that intelligence is a bio-chemical property, something that he barely mentions in his text. Holfstadter later called this view "bio-chauvinist." The writer examines what it is Searle is trying to say, where his bio-chauvinism comes into play, and what the end result is.
From the Paper "In his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs," John R. Searle attempts to establish the impossibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI), that an "appropriately programmed computer" can have genuine mental states. The validity of strong AI implies a direct correspondence between mental states and formal processes, and as such, insists that a properly defined program is sufficient for producing understanding and intentionality in the thing instantiating that program. Searle refutes this claim, arguing that a program could not be sufficient for producing intentionality because for any program it is possible to instantiate it in something without producing mental states in the thing. In elucidating this central point, Searle derives a distinction between "intrinsic" intentionality and "derived" intentionality. He defines intrinsic intentionality as the sort present in things that clearly have mental states, such as people. Searle distinguishes this from derived intentionality, which he claims is ascribed by those with intrinsic intentionality to things that "perform the sort of functions that we perform on the basis of our intentionality," but that do not actually possess mental states or a genuine intentionality. With this distinction, Searle's claim that programs are not sufficient, or even necessary, for producing intentionality becomes a claim that mere things - namely computers for our purposes - can only have derived intentionality and never can possess intrinsic intentionality. Searle's argument, pushed by his example of the Chinese room, at first seems to raise an alarming challenge to AI proponents, but on closer examination it becomes clear that the thrust of Searle's claim relies on some highly debatable intuitions and assumptions he makes a priori. In this paper I will argue that Searle's conclusion is entirely dependent these contestable assumptions and intuitions. I will then attempt to construct what Searle's response to this objection would likely be, and I will conclude by discussing the significance of this debate with regards to AI and all of cognitive science."
Abstract This paper examines the philosophical and scientific implications of artificialintelligence for humanity. The paper traces the original connection made between human thought and computer processes and then goes on to explain how the question of artificialintelligence then became not whether an advanced computer can be built, but rather what is intelligence. The paper also looks at the evolution of computer capabilities and how they are now more capable of intelligent thought than ever before, but are still not capable of common sense or an understanding of what they are for or the limits of their applicability. The paper concludes with the observation that, while newer and more advanced technology will bring major changes to the level of artificialintelligence, whether these changes will actually approximate human intelligence is still an unknown.
From the Paper "Not even a century ago?in fact, not even a half-century ago--few people could have imagined the present-day world with computers operating most of the government and business processes and the Internet running in millions of homes. Thus it would have been nearly impossible to comprehend artificial intelligence (AI) and that scientists would try to create a machine (AI) to learn, adapt, reason, correct or improve itself. Whether or not this will become a reality is still unknown. AI pioneer Chris Langton says that this "intelligent entity" will never be possible. He believes, ?when scientists are faced with the choice of either admitting that the computer process is alive, or moving the goalposts to exclude the computer from the exclusive club of living organisms, they will choose the latter.? Is this true? Will humans never admit that a computer can actually function as real life? Or will they instead decide there is nothing special about life, and humanity can therefore be designed, built and replicated? At least for the time being, there is no answer to this dilemma."
Abstract This paper discusses the position of the Christian Church in relation to artificialintelligence. The paper begins by exploring the issues concerning the progress of artificialintelligence (AI), which has made incredible advances throughout the past couple of decades. It then discusses the potential implications of AI for the human race, and what, if any, threats it poses towards Christianity.
From the Paper "Throughout two thousand years of church history, believers in Christianity have tried, often over-zealously, to defend and protect the Christian faith. Throughout each era of world history contemporary issues have been addressed, challenged, or defended, with the intent and worthy purpose of guarding Biblical truth, moral and social standards, and a 'correct' image of God, through the outworking of personal faith in the believers life, and through the Church's position on these various issues."
"This, however, has often led to confusion and misunderstanding among those who do not believe, due to the often mis-informed opinions by those within the Church, who sometimes do not have a full understanding of the subject matter."
Abstract This paper describes what constitutes artificialintelligence and examines the history of the term, comparing the original goals scientists set for artificialintelligence with the goals that are being worked on today. The author discusses many of the achievements in the field, as well as the limitations of computers and how scientists are trying to build machines capable of dealing with non-quantifiable, non-logical data. The author raises many questions regarding the scientific, legal, and moral implications of creating artificial life forms and points out that until what exactly defines humanity in humans is agreed upon, there can be no concrete answer to whether or not it can be re-created in digital form. The author concludes that it will be necessary to look to the fields of theology, philosophy, and ethics in order to develop a responsible, balanced, and ethical use of artificialintelligence today and in the future.
From the Paper "Before one can even begin to discuss artificial intelligence in its future, fully realized form, one must examine the use of artificial intelligence in machines and programs today that show its potential for independence. For example, the evolution of artificial intelligence mirrors the development of organic life in that it starts out simply. These simple examples must be studied and understood, as they will form the basis of the behavior of the complex incarnations of artificial intelligence. In other words, we must establish the point at which we will begin to consider a computer alive."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of artificialintelligence, the ability of computers to 'think' like humans. The writer looks at the works of famed theorists Allen Turing and Sherry Turkle and using their ideas, beliefs and works, creates a viable belief that artificialintelligence is a possible and positive occurrence. It shows how although many argue that artificialintelligence is an impossible concept because it takes humans to program the computers, artificialintelligence is already here to stay and is being improved every day.
From the Paper "Turkle presents her belief that artificial intelligence is really nothing more than the marriage between biology and parenting. When those who do not believe in artificial intelligence capabilities debate the issue they argue that it will never been a reality because no matter how much a computer can do it still has to be programmed. Turkle and other advocates of the topic argue that even intelligent beings have to be programmed. Many times the example is brought up that the programming of children by the parents is similar to the programming that occurs with computers and their programmers."
Tags: humans, computers, brain, thought, program, julia
Abstract In this paper the author centers on the progress that has been made in computer technology, allowing the computer to make decisions for its user, more commonly known as artificialintelligence. He examines the three main applications that are being used to advance artificialintelligence; neural networks, fuzzy logic and chaos theory, looking at the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The author details very clearly the limitations of each system and how, in his opinion they can be developed further. In conclusion, the author reminds us that computers are the future of the world and time needs to be spent experimenting with them in order to reap the benefits.
From the Paper "Now that each type of implementation of AI has been discussed, how do we use all this technology? Foremost, neural networks are used mainly for internal corporate applications in various types of problems. For example, Troy Nolen was hired by a major defense contractor to design programs for guiding flight and battle patterns of the YF-22 fighter. His software runs on five on-board computers and makes split-second decisions based on data from ground stations, radar, and other sources. Additionally it predicts what the enemy planes would do, guiding the jet's actions consequently (Schwartz 136). Now he and many others design financial software based on their experience with neural networks. Nolen works for Merrill Lynch & Co. to develop software that will predict the prices of many stocks and bonds. Murry Ruggiero also designs software, but his forecasts the future of the Standard & Poors index. Ruggiero's program, called BrainCel, is capable of giving an annual return of 292%. Another major application of neural networks is detecting credit card fraud."
Abstract This paper is on the topic of artificialintelligence. What is artificialintelligence? Computers use artificialintelligence. There are many ways that artificialintelligence has been used in many different fields ranging from farming to the President. Artificialintelligent is not a thought or philosophy, but it is something that makes a difference in people lives.
Abstract A look at the limitations of artificialintelligence and how scientists are working towards creating the perfect android that will be confused with humans. The paper explains that while computers can be programmed to respond and react like human, they cannot cause themselves to do this on their own. This is the goal of scientists and their quest for pure artificialintelligence.
From the Paper "Human beings are not nearly the fastest or strongest creatures on the earth, yet they rule the planet. This is because of their intellect. They learn to farm, to hunt, and how to create and use tools. Their intellect, their ability to reason, is what separates humans from all other beings. Recently in the world of science, researchers have been trying to create computers that can reason, and in essence think for themselves. This ability in computers is called Artificial Intelligence, and is often referred to as A.I. "
Abstract This paper describes HCI as the process by which the human enters data into a computer and the computer processes that data and returns new data to the person, and this HCI assists in the perceived artificialintelligence that computers have. The writer explores the ways humans interact with their computers and how that is tied to the concept of artificialintelligence.
From the Paper "Artificial intelligence can be promoted as the result of HCI because it is what the computer does with the information and that information cannot be input with anything but human support and foundation(Tenner, 1994). There are many instances that underscore the artificial intelligence and human computer input and their team efforts. The HCI is involved when a pilot sees visually that there is fog on the ground that is so thick he cannot possibly see the terminal to land. He then programs some coordinates and data into the computer and the computer takes over and lands the plane for the pilot."
Tags: technological, Aaron, Deep, Blue, Garry, Kasparov, AI
Abstract This paper examines the contemporary issue of "artificialintelligence" by looking at potent arguments provided by leading philosophers of the mind and body question. It explains the personal position and philosophy of the author concerning the question of artificialintelligence and whether, in the end, men and machines are more alike or are in fact different living machines running on a kind of evolutionarily-advanced software or indeed something much more than that.
From the Paper "This contemporary issue, the question of humans and beings and machines, has a tendency to pull at me from both sides in the debate. On the one hand, I want to believe that humans are wholly physical beings and a kind of living machine. I see the work of writers like Hugh Elliot and Christopher Evans, who make me feel better by giving me special status as a physical being due to the complexity of the trillions of interconnected neurons that make up my brain, and it all seems so logical. I add my own scientific, concrete mind and non-religious background, and the comparison of man and machine seems clear. On the other hand, these philosophers are really just guessing when they explain how our mind and consciousness work, for the real problem is that despite scientific progress we still do not understand enough about ourselves."
