Abstract
This paper describes the different types of artifacts seen in CT scans and their origins and causes. The paper then examines and discusses preventative measures to reduce these artifacts. This paper also contains corresponding illustrations.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Type of Artifacts
1. Physics Based Artifacts
a. Beam Hardening
b. Partial Volume
c. Photon Starvation
d. Undersampling
2. Patient Based Artifacts
3. Scanner Based Artifacts
4. Helical and Multisection CT Artifacts
5. Artifacts Due to Other Causes
Methods to Resolve Artifacts
References

From the Paper
"Metal artifacts can be avoided by asking the patient to remove any metals like jewelry before the start of scanning. For metals like prosthetic devices, surgical clips and dental fillings, which cannot be removed for the scanning, gantry angulation can be used. If the metal object cannot be excluded by any of the above technique, increasing the kilovoltage and the use of thin sections can reduce the partial volume artifact. The use of special software corrections can reduce streaking due to overranging (Barrett and Keat 2004.)
"Patient-based artifacts due to movement can be prevented by appropriate means. For most patients, the use of positioning aids can prevent any voluntary movement. However, in some patients, especially in the pediatric age-group, sedation may be required to immobilize them. In order to minimize artifacts in areas where natural movement is present, a short scan time can be used."

Tags:ct scan, streaking rings distortion shading, x-ray, truncation artifacts

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that until about 1870, historians and scholars who specialized in the history and archeology of ancient Greece were, for the most part, quite ignorant about Greek culture and society and considered this area of study as being filled with myth. The writer points out that from excavations conducted in the early years of the 20th century, the history of ancient Greece is now well-known and understood, especially through the magnificent artifacts that have been uncovered. Thus, the writer maintains that these artifacts illustrate that the cultural and social heritage of ancient Greece was one of the most important Western civilizations of all time. The writer concludes that they also prove that the ancient Greeks were superb artisans who always attempted to reveal the intricacies of Greek culture through their work.

From the Paper
"In essence, many of these artifacts will enable us to reconstruct the development of the Greek style in art and to appreciate their uses and place in ancient Greek society. Imagine for a moment living in ancient Greece, perhaps somewhere amid the long and winding coastline of the Aegean Sea, or perhaps high up in the great mountain chains of the Peloponnesos or Thessaly, the home of Mount Olympus and the pantheon of Greek gods and goddesses, such as all-powerful Zeus and his wife Hera, Aphrodite, the goddess of love, Apollo and Hermes, the messenger of the gods."
"In this environment, common men and women worked in the cities as laborers, merchants and slaves and toiled in the fields in order to feed the hungry masses in places like Argos, Sparta, Thebes and especially mighty Athens, the home of Pericles and Greek democracy. Thus, in these and many other environments, the ancient Greeks fashioned a very wide spectrum of items, ranging from ordinary clay pots to outstanding examples of Greek art in the form of amphora, drinking vessels, armor, weapons, jewelry, bowls and statues."

Tags:excavations, Crete, gods, performing, arts

Abstract
This paper discusses how, by visiting the Detroit Institute of Arts, the author was able to closely examine Ancient Egyptian artifacts first hand and how it is clear that art was a very important aspect of Ancient Egyptian culture. The paper focuses on and describes the elaborate funeral items, colorful paintings, inscriptions, and hieroglyphs that adorned the sarcophagi of various Egyptian mummies on display in the Egyptian showroom.

From the Paper
"When viewing an Ancient Egyptian sarcophagus, it is apparent that art served a spiritual purpose. Kings and members of the royal family were entitled to extravagant tombs and coffins with intricate artwork and detail in order to bring beauty to the afterlife. One of the sarcophagi that I examined obviously belonged to a king or a man of royalty. His sarcophagus is believed to be from between 850-750 B.C.E. It was made in Egypt with linen and stucco and was the largest sarcophagus in the museum. One of the first signs of his elevated social status was the head cloth that surrounded his face, which was striped with blue and yellow paint. At the museum, I learned that this type of head cloth is known as Nemes and was worn only by royalty, primarily during the third dynasty (SOURCE 1). "

Tags:tomb, sarcophagus, casket, mummy

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Petrographic analysis, microscopy and radiography, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) in examining archeological remains. The author includes an application of these methods. Pictures and graphs are included.

From the Paper
"There are many ways one can study archaeological materials. This paper will focus on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Petrographic analysis, microscopy and radiography, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). All are part of a process that helps to identify many materials, which in turn provide answers to parts of the past. They are all very useful tools for the examination of archaeological artifacts and many other things."

Tags:electron, infrared, ir, magnetic, microscope, readiography, resonance, scanning, science, scientific

Abstract
This paper, explores the cynical world view which advises false appearances, using quotations from films such as "Dr Strangelove", "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead", and texts as diverse as Shakespeare's "Hamlet", Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince", and Barry Spacks's "Courting Surfaces".

Abstract
PowerPoint presentations have become so much a part of our lives that they seem absolutely integral and necessary, and we find it hard to imagine what educational life was like before they surfaced. This paper discusses how, as a popular culture artifact, PowerPoint has both positive and negative connotations and thta the immensity of its presence in modern life teaches us about ourselves. The paper also examines Power Point's explosion of use from schools and professionals to the military as well as the ways in which PowerPoint has negatively impacted society.

From the Paper
"The ideology that has developed in popular culture surrounding this artifact is that anybody can use PowerPoint to present any subject, no matter how complex, to others who know little or nothing about it, in a manner that seems thorough and easily understood. Although PowerPoint can be an effective aid in presenting relatively simple concepts, it can also be used to over simplify complex topics by reducing them to condensed bulleted points. Such presentations offer information that is insufficient in communicating adequate knowledge. Decision making can be harmed through under informed authorities who believe they are knowledgeable. "

Tags:presentations, contemporary, society, modern, life, communication

Abstract
The paper asserts that Wal-Mart is a ubiquitous feature of the North American, and increasingly the world, landscape. The paper also adds that Wal-Mart is no longer merely a retailer, but has become an ecosystem in itself. This paper describes and analyzes two of the ever-present artifacts-the stylized sun and the in-store greeter-that help to define Wal-Mart's official culture, and examines how these artifacts can be read against the grain, so that they reveal otherwise hidden shared values and basic assumptions of the organization.

From the Paper
"This paper describes two artifacts that define Wal-Mart's culture, and examines how these artifacts both express and disguise the shared values and basic assumptions of the organization. Anticipating Change: Wal-Mart is a ubiquitous feature of the North American, and increasingly the world, landscape. Wal-Mart is no longer merely a retailer, but has become an ecosystem in itself. This paper will describe and analyze two of the ever-present artifacts--the stylized sun and the in-store greeter--that help to define Wal-Mart's official culture, and examine how..."

Tags:wal, mart, artifacts, culture

Abstract
The paper states that the valuation of priceless historical and cultural artifacts is not a process guided by specific rules or regulations and in fact is an unstructured and unpredictable process based on various methods and techniques. The paper comments that this results in a comparable analysis technique, with each valuation process being somewhat different from those previously conducted. The paper discusses the valuation of historical cultural artifacts that are from cultures for which there have been no previous market sales. The paper progresses through the three traditional valuation techniques including comparable market value, asset value, and the income method.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Traditional Means Of Valuation
Means Of Valuation Of Ancient Cultural Items
Summary And Conclusion

From the Paper
"It has been clearly demonstrated in the research that valuation of antiquities has no sure and constant form due to the nature of collecting antiquities and all the questions and concerns that may arise as to the origination of the art objects. Due to the demand for such works of art, looting of archaeological sites and museums has occurred and while rules and regulations have been instituted into import and export laws, there still exists a black market for these ancient art objects. In today's world of art collection, the collector must necessarily ensure that they are not in possession of stolen art objects and should that be the case pressures from the art world and the country of origination, as well as the penalties of law regarding such objects will likely result in a return of the art object to the originating country or culture to which the art object was derived."

Tags:stolen, art, objects, identifying, collectors

Abstract
The paper relates that history and social studies are often considered boring by students because they cannot see the relevance to their lives today. The paper discusses how new and creative ways of teaching can help history and social studies teachers maintain the interest and attention of their students. The paper explores using artifacts in the social studies classroom and presents data that shows their significance. The paper concludes with recommendations of how to take advantage of the benefits artifacts offer teachers and students.

Outline:
Introduction to the Problem
Review of Literature
Data Collection and Results
Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Teaching a social studies class should not be that difficult, if the material is presented in the proper way. There are specific ways that age groups of students respond to when it comes to being taught, and while all students in that age group may not respond to a certain way of being taught something, there is significance to using a method that most of the students in that age group relate to. School is a difficult time in the lives of many students as it is, because they are nervous and uncertain about themselves, their relationships with others, and what they are going to do when school is over for them."

Tags:motivation, materials, images, attention, span

Abstract
The paper examines the Coke bottle, with specific reference to its status as a global meta-commodity or meta-symbol. The paper explores how material artifacts provide valuable insights into what is important to a culture. The paper analyzes the film "The Gods Must be Crazy", which illustrates how even the most powerful meta-symbol is powerful only because of its connotations and associations. The paper concludes by emphasizing how material artifacts affect our lives.

From the Paper
"The Coke bottle is one of the most recognizable material artefacts in the world. Its shape and distinctive label is recognized globally. For some it evokes warm, fuzzy feelings, and for others it invokes a paroxysm of anti-capitalist or anti-American feelings. It may evoke arguments about art vs. commodities, or about West vs. Islam. In the USA, your attitude to the bottle may depend on which side of the colour divide you fall on. Love it or hate it, it is unquestionably an important aspect of contemporary material culture."

Tags:culture, status, meta-symbol, materialism, capitalism