Abstract
This paper describes hemocyanins, which are proteins that transport oxygen in arthropods and mollusks. The writer explains that these are copper-containing proteins and describes how the oxygen that is transported is connected with copper atoms. The paper also explains the similarities in and differences between hemocyanins in arthropods and in mollusks.

From the Paper
"Hemocyanins are copper containing proteins found in the haemolymph of many invertebrates. They are divided into two groups: arthropodan and molluscan. These have structurally similar oxygen-binding centers, which are similar to the oxygen-binding tyrosinases but their quaternary structures are arranged differently (Gaykema et al., 1988, p. 309). "Hemocyanins are respiratory proteins that carry oxygen in the blood of most mollusks, and some arthropods such as the horseshoe crab" (Gamez et al)."

Tags:hemocyanin, protein, oxygenated

Abstract
This paper explains the development of the field of forensic entomology and the study of insects from the scene of crimes. The paper relates the types of insects usually associated with death and how they are useful in the investigation, such as denoting the time of death and if the body has been moved. The paper also points out that factors of geography and seasonality can affect the types of insects and the order of colonization on the body.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction to Forensic Entomology
Insects at the Crime Scene Investigation
Flies (Order Diptera)
Blow Flies (Family Calliphoridae)
Flesh Flies (Family Sarcophagidae)
Muscid Flies (Family Muscidae)
Beetles (Order Coleoptera)
Skin Beetles (Family Dermestidae)
Venomous Arthropods
Insect Succession and Its Relationship to Determining Time of Death
Geographical Differences in Succession
Effects of Season

From the Paper
"The seasonality of certain insects and the potentially differing times of colonization of the remains in different season are important for several reasons. First of all, it means that studies should be done throughout the year in order to develop a valid database for an area. Second, it means that insect may be valuable in determining season of death. This could be helpful when remains are discovered many years after death, although the insect will probably be of little use in determining a precise time of death."

Tags:flies, community composition, larval development, decomposition database

Abstract
This paper examines how forensic entomology is the science and study of insects and other arthropods associated with human remains to aid legal investigations. It also looks at how palynology is a term first used by Hyde and Williams (1944) for the collective study of pollen, grains and spores. This discipline has since been expanded into the study of other acid-resistant micro organisms. Finally, the paper also discusses how phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of plankton which exist in water columns. Phytoplankton obtain energy from photosynthesis so live on the well lit surface of oceans, seas, rivers and/or lakes. It shows how all three disciplines are useful to forensic science. Photographs and diagrams are included in the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Forensic Entomology
Successional Waves of Insects
Maggots Age and Development
Forensic Palynology
Phytoplankton
References

From the Paper
"Flowering angiosperms completely submerged in water release their pollen and rely upon currents in the water to transport it from the male anther to female stigma of a neighbouring flower. This method, similarly to wind pollination is very hit and miss. It is therefore logical that these types of plants have high productivity of pollen, with each anther producing 1000s. These underwater plants produce pollen types which have a single layered cellulose wall it is very rarely preserved in lake sediments and therefore they are of little use."

Tags:autotrophic, insects, plants

Abstract
This paper analyzes a journal article on the study of interaction between male and female arthropods.

Tags:sociobiology, adaptation, behavior

Abstract
This paper offers a comparative analysis of N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), an active ingredient in insect repellents, as compared to ingredients in other insect bite prevention methods. The paper explains that mosquitoes alone are the cause of disease to 700 million people annually, with malaria as a major concern in tropical and subtropical climates, affecting 300 to 500 million and kills 3 million people each year. The paper acknowledges that insect bites are considered a nuisance in America, but notes that with the arrival of the West Nile Virus, new measures must be taken in order to prevent the onset of this disease, as well as tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, which leads all other arthropod-borne disease in America and Europe. The paper provides information about the chemical structure of DEET, and instructions on safe DEET use. The paper concludes that through proper measures, DEET users can have a safe experience and still feel confident that they are getting the protection that they need, and that the dangers of DEET can be avoided by following the manufacturer's directions and simple guidelines from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This paper contains illustrative figures and a table.

Outline:

Properties of DEET
Effectiveness of DEET and its Rivals
Safety of DEET Use
Conclusion

From the Paper
"This synthesis will result in 85-95% meta-isomer of an odorless, amber colored product (6). DEET has a boiling point of 157-160oC and is soluble in many organic solvents, such as isopropanol, ethanol, and propylene glycol, but is not soluble in water (5). DEET is not corrosive to metals, but can be harmful to synthetic fabrics (7).
DEET is used commercially as the active ingredient in many insect repellents. There are a variety of concentrations ranging from 5%-40% and some at 100%. DEET can last up to 8 hours at concentrations up to 50% but concentrations greater than this tend to plateau in prevention time. A long-lasting polymer form of DEET, called EDITAR (US Army Extended Duration Topical Insect and Arthropod Repellent) was developed and is now sold as Ultrathon by 3M. This formulation is more effective due to the decrease in absorption and evaporation (7). DEET is intended to be used once daily. A person should decide the amount of time they are going to be exposed to mosquitoes and apply an appropriate concentration. The longer the exposure, the greater the concentration, but even 23.8% DEET can last between three and five hours."

Tags:mosquito, West, Nile, Lyme, disease, bug, repellent, malaria

Abstract
This paper takes a look at a vast diversity of animals and organisms that inhabit sections of bodies of water, oceans, seas and other known bodies of fresh water. The paper focuses specifically on plankton and zooplankton. The paper then lists various examples of zooplankton and taxonomy.

Outline:
Plankton
Zooplankton
Examples of Zooplankton and Taxonomy

From the Paper
"The most common among freshwater zooplanktons are four major groups of animals: protozoa, rotifers, and two subclasses of the Crustacea, the cladocerans and copepods. The planktonic protozoa have restricted locomotion. They lack the mobility to actively swim. But the rotifers, copepod microcrustaceans and cladoceran, and specific immature insect larvae usually move lengthily in dormant water. Many pelagial protozoa are meroplanktonic, their lifecycle as planktonic animals usually occurs only during summer season. These forms expend the remainder of their life cycle in the sediments, often enclosed throughout the winter period. Bacteria sized water element are common food of many protozoans. Most of the known rotifers are non-predatory. They feed on bacteria, small algae, and other organic matter. Crustaceans are invertebrates that live in water as well as on land and can vary from microscopic to sixty centimeters. They are a large group of arthropods which is around 55,000 species. The most common among crustaceans are lobsters crabs shrimps and barnacles."

Tags:rotifers, cladocerans, phytoplankton, lake, pond, becterioplanktons, arthropods, meroplanktonic, nektons, dinoflagellates