Abstract
This paper describes the heart and how coronary artery disease affects its ability to function properly. First, a general description of a healthy heart is given, which includes a description of its chambers and valves. This is followed by a discussion of coronary artery disease, its causes and how it impairs heart function. Various treatments for the disease are given and suggestions are made for living a healthy lifestyle to avoid coronary artery disease altogether.

Outline:
Abstract/Introduction
Normal Aspects
Deviations from Normal Anatomy and Physiology
Effects on Other Organ Systems
Beneficial and Adverse Effects of Treatment
Prognosis

From the Paper
"It beats 100,000 times a day and pumps approximately 2,000 gallons of blood daily and continuously through the circulatory system. It has two upper and two lower chambers. The upper chambers are the right atrium and the left atrium. The lower chambers are the right and left ventricles. It also has four heart valves, which open and close to allow blood flow in one direction. These are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonary valve, the mitral valve and the aortic valve. Blood is pumped through the chambers and aided by the valves. It returns to the heart through the veins and then enters the right atrium. The right atrium empties the blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve."

Tags:arterial sclerosis, heart disease, heart attack, circulatory system

Abstract
The paper discusses the onset of coronary artery disease and the condition of atherosclerosis. The paper explains that coronary artery disease is primarily characterized as an inflammation of the arteries. The paper outlines the causes of this inflammation and examines the strong correlation between coronary artery disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as with Type II Diabetes. The paper looks at the most serious complication from coronary artery disease, which is the possibility of a heart attack.

From the Paper
"Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a frightening name for an all-too common illness. It is the most common type of heart disease and the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women ("What Is Coronary Artery Disease?" NIH, 2007). More than 64 million Americans suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease, and in 2001, cardiovascular disease was responsible for more than 39 percent of all deaths in the United States (American Heart Association: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2004, cited by "Coronary Artery Disease and Atherosclerosis, Health Concerns, 2006, p1)."

Tags:atherosclerosis, inflammation, cardiovascular, disease, endothelial, cells, heart, attack

Abstract
This paper discusses the Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). The paper begins by explaining the processes within the body that result in the signs and symptoms of the disease. The paper also reviews diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The paper focuses on the importance of nursing care and patient teaching for successful rehabilitation of CAD patients.

From the Paper
"Plaque on the arteries is a serious physical condition that can be identified before a heart attack or other medical emergency..."

Tags:nursing, coronary, bypass

Abstract
This paper presents CAD, or coronary artery disease. The paper begins with an overview of CAD, including statistical data. Next, the paper explores the etiology of disease. The paper then examines diagnostic tests used to detect the condition and signs and symptoms of the disease. The paper concludes with a discussion of treatment -- and under-treatment -- of the disease.

From the Paper
"Coronary artery disease generally refers to the buildup of cholesterol in the inside layers of the arteries. This buildup slowly narrows the flow of blood through the vessel and the muscles..."

Tags:CAD, Coronary, Disease

Abstract
The following paper examines the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of PAD, a form of atherosclerosis, a progressive disease characterized by fatty deposits in the inner layer of the arteries, which gradually narrows the artery. The writer particularly focus on 'Raynaud's' one of the forms of PAD which causes fingers and toes to turn blue and white with cold .

From the Paper
\"It's important to remember that many people have PAD without having any symptoms. Such individuals are at higher risk for a stroke or heart attack. Research indicates that the risk for dying from heart disease is six times higher for people who have PAD, and PAD patients have a 30 percent risk of dying from a cardiovascular-related problem within five years after the initial diagnosis of PAD (University of Penn Health System). It is essential that anyone who has health problems or a lifestyle that could lead to PAD be aware of the symptoms of this potentially life-threatening disease, as see a doctor for any problems. Peripheral arterial disease can be controlled in most cases. People only need to be aware of the signs.\"

Tags:ultrasound, device, Doppler, transducer, measurements, severity, blood, pressure, doctor, artery, blocked

From the Paper
"Coronary Artery Disease is the most prevalent heart-related disease and responsible for more deaths than any other condition. The real tragedy of the disease is that it is caused by avoidable factors of lifestyle and can be prevented through education and self-discipline."

Tags:heart, cholesterol, smoking, heart, attack, angina, mycardial, infarction

Abstract
The paper outlines the clinical history of a 70-year old man with symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), the pathology of the disease and the patient preparation for a CT angiography. The paper explains the scanning and contrast protocol and looks at strategies to reduce the radiation dose. The paper explores image display, appearance and analysis, the after care of patients and the treatment and prognosis for PAD. The paper includes a CT image of PAD.

Outline:
Clinical History
Pathology
Patient Preparation for CT Angiography for PAD
Scanning Protocol
Contrast Protocol
Strategies to Reduce Radiation Dose
Image Display, Appearance and Analysis (2D/3D Reconstruction)
After Care of Patients
Treatment and Prognosis
Prognosis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a chronic arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities as result of atherosclerosis. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) produces detailed images of blood vessels and tissues of the extremities, and is thus, helpful in the diagnosis of PAD. Earlier, CTA technology was able to image only a portion of the peripheral arterial tree. Later, the multi-detector row CT (MDCT) technology evolved. In 1998, with the arrival of four-detector row CT (4D-CT), a complete coverage of the lower extremity inflow and runoff arteries with one acquisition using a single-contrast bolus, was possible. Further, with the 16-detector row CT (16D-CT), the spatial resolution increased and the contrast medium efficiency improved. Finally, with the 64-detector row CT (64D-CT) scanner, a true isotropic high spatial resolution of the entire volume was possible. Thus, the multi-detector row CT angiography (MDCTA) has developed as an accurate method in assessing the peripheral arteries."

Tags:CT, angiography, scanning, contrast, radiation, leg, foot, arteries

Abstract
This paper describes the incidence of coronary heart disease. The author explains coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The paper reviews 7 articles on coronary artery bypass graft pain management and applies them to nursing.

From the Paper
The average life expectancy of Americans is ... years but almost .... million Americans have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. Among the more common surgical procedures performed among Americans with cardiovascular disease is the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) at a rate of almost ...., such surgeries taking place annually and an expected ... to ... percent annual increase in the number of CABGs. Consequently, identifying the most effective postoperative comfort measures that ..."

Tags:coronary artery bypass, nursing

Abstract
This paper examines the current debate among cardiologists and cardiac surgeons regarding the use of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) versus drug-eluting stents (DES). The author concludes that the research indicates that, even though cardiac surgeons have conducted many studies that appear to show the benefits of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) with accompanying DES, there are still very serious considerations to using these interventions in certain groups of patients, especially those with multivessel coronary artery disease. This paper recommends future research with multicenter trials comparing use of PCI with DES as compared to CABG in terms of both short-term and long-term benefits, mortality rates, revascularization rates and other benefits or complicating factors in order to establish or disavow the superiority of PCI with DES. Thirteen figures are included with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Statement of Problem
Key Terms and Definitions
Background of Study
Unprotected Left Main Stenosis
Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations for Future Research

From the Paper
"According to Gunn and Crossman other energy sources are also useful. Sonotherapy, or unltrasound may potential more as a treatment than as a facilitator 'for gene delivery and is 'benign' in its effect on healthy tissue." Photodynamic therapy, or the interacting of photosensitizing drugs, light and tissue oxygen, is under investigation and still only in very early development. Laser energy delivered "via a fine intracoronary wire, is used in a few centers to recanalize block arteries." Gunn and Crossman state that the role of percutaneous clinical "has extended to the point where up to 70% of patients treated have acute coronary syndromes.""

Tags:clinical percutaneous revascularization survival, comorbid conditions, and

Abstract
The paper reveals that coronary artery disease is prevalent in affluent societies and results in higher mortality than for any other disease. The paper relates that this disease manifests as angina, heart failure, and myocardial infarction, among other problems (Grech, 2003). The paper discusses how coronary artery disease is relatively easy to prevent through diet and exercise and eliminating risk factors but many people are unaware of how damaging their lifestyle can be.

From the Paper
"Coronary artery disease is prevalent in affluent societies and results in higher mortality than for any other disease. The disease manifests as angina, heart failure, and myocardial infarction, among other problems (Grech, 2003). Coronary artery disease is relatively easy to prevent through diet and exercise and eliminating risk factors but many people are unaware of how damaging their lifestyle can be. Data from interview SE is a 76-year-old male who presented at emergency on 03/21/09 with..."

Tags:heart, disease, prevention