Abstract This paper will discuss the nature of the poison arrow frog, and seek to understand why it is now becoming endangered. By looking into the habitat of this amphibian, we can learn why this animal is in endangered from extinction.
Abstract This paper examines several theories regarding the definition of money. The paper looks at Walrus's Law, the relationship between the definition of money and the gold standard for money, Keynes's and Marx's definition of money, and the Islamic view of money.
From the Paper "But clearly, there are economic relationships. As interesting as it is to think that the Walrasian auctioneer is always on the dais orchestrating ?trades,? in fact, there is disequilibrium, for short or longer periods, in economic relationships (perhaps the auctioneer needed a coffee break) so there must, then, be a place to park the value waiting to be offered back and forth between the sellers and buyers?.and one must not forget, too, the added attraction of the financiers backing the sellers and buyers. In short, thinking that there might ever come a time when money was not needed to make economic relationships possible is about as sensible as thinking that John Maynard Keynes or Milton Friedman"or Daffy Duck"knew all there was to know about money and economic relationships. In fact, because money is simply a tangible representation of intangibles--and some would go so far as to say it is a construct for spiritual realities so that we mere mortals may better understand it--it is reasonable to assume that anything written about it is necessarily open to interpretation and revision, including, of course, the current discussion."
Abstract This paper takes an objective look at the events that precipitated the Arrow's cancellation. Also, a hypothesis is postulated as to why the aircraft was cancelled.
From the Paper "The Avro Arrow was considered the most technologically advanced aircraft in the western world at the time of its demise. The Arrow was designed and built in Canada, and its cancellation ended the jobs, hopes, and dreams for thousands of Canadians."
Abstract This paper is an examination and analysis of the facts presented by both the American and Canadian investigators regarding the crash of the Arrow Airs DC-8 in December 1985. The paper begins with a recap of the crash and the possible causes that were put forth by both countries which have held to their position that it was caused by ice on the wings of the plane. The author presents evidence that this crash was caused by an explosive device, planted by terrorists and goes into great detail as to the why this theory has been so carefully guarded by both governments. This paper raises several issues about the circumstances surrounding the crash including speculation that this was a deliberate act of terrorism and presents different reports about the events leading up to the plane's departure from Egypt. It also discusses the findings of aeronautical engineers who investigated the findings at the crash site and presents testimony from the government hearings held in both Canada and the United States.
From the Paper "The 101st division was one of four divisions that made up the Multinational Force and Observers. The purpose of MFO was to operate checkpoints and conduct reconnaissance patrols along the international boundary lines. Every six months the troops were rotated. This was a massive undertaking and involved the cooperation of the Egyptians to insure that the utmost security precautions were taken (Sandford pg). However, from the moment the troops from the 101st were to depart from the Sinai, a sequence of events occurred that were far from normal procedure. Ras Nasrani airport had always been used as the airport of departure for the troops. But at the last minute Army officials were notified that Ras Nastrani airport could not accommodate large planes due to construction being conducted on the main runway. Therefore, the troops were flown by Egypt Air Boeing 737s to the Cairo International Airport."
Abstract This paper looks at the most common types of weapons used in combat by medieval fighters from 480-1487 A.D. It evaluates what they were made of, their uses, how deadly they were in combat as well as different tactics used in battle at the time. Medieval weapons served two important purposes. Some of them, such as armor and shields, existed to protect the wearer, others existed solely to do bodily harm and were extremely deadly. Razor sharp swords could slice a man in halfor sever a limb whereas arrows could kill, mutilate or set wooden buildings and thatched roofs on fire in an instant. Lances could kill a man, or remove him from his horse for the foot soldiers to deal with. Siege weapons could lay utter waste to a town ? decimating the people within. Medieval weapons were created to cause havoc and they did. They were early weapons of destruction and they served their purpose well.
From the Paper "The hauberk was central to the armour a knight wore. It was usually knee length, and slit on the front and back to allow the rider to sit on a horse. It would be worn over a padded undergarment. This mailshirt weighed about 25 pounds. There was also a hood made of similar material worn underneath the mail helmet. Later in the twelfth century, a type of mail mitten was developed to protect the hands, and a long "surcoat" or "coat armour" was added over the mailshirt for additional protection, especially from the hot sun. Chausses, or mail leggings were also added, and developments in the thirteenth century led to the "great helm" a large helmet with a flat top protecting the head and some of the neck."
Abstract In recent years employee orientation programs have taken on a position of importance in most successful organizations. Video tapes, CD-ROMs and Intranet based employee orientation programs are widely being used to provide new employees with the information they need to have for quick productivity and low turnover. Outlined below are the 20 of the most important things employees want to know when starting a new job, along with other critical elements of an interactive, electronic based new employee orientation program. All of the information provided will facilitate the orientation of new employees. It will be shown that presenting information in CD-ROM format has several advantages.
Abstract This paper looks at Shakespeare's play "A Midsummer Night's Dream," as an example of how Cupid's arrow can make people defy convention and reason. Through an examination of the characters and their roles, the author supports the thesis that love causes a person to become irrational and can often cause them to lose touch with reality.
From the Paper "The fighting continues between the four. Helena gets more and more upset, particularly at Hermia, who was once her dearest, closest friend, and whom she now suspects is being cruel to her. Hermia herself is very confused, at both the fact that Lysander no longer wants anything to do with her, and the fact that Helena seems to not trust her. Once the argument ceases and the four go off into the forest, so Demetrius and Lysander can duke it out over Helena, Puck catches up to set things "right". Oberon's wish is that the original lovers Lysander and Hermia are reunited, and that Demetrius will stay in love with Helena, and she will believe his love to be true."
From the Paper "In Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle, Stephen Jay Gould discusses the evolution of geologists' understanding of the concept of deep time. Gould studied texts by Thomas Burnet, James Hutton, and Charles Lyell--three scientific writers who approached this question in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Traditionally, readings of these three writers tended to focus on the degree to which each man employed the scientific method in investigating the question of the Earth's age. The greater the scientist's dependence on scientific method, the historians reasoned, the closer he came to the truth. Thus, these scientists have often been ranked, and understood, on the basis of their adherence to standards that are familiar to the twentieth century, but were still evolving when they wrote. In the course of his repeated close readings of the texts, in which.."
Abstract As an adherent of Greek philosopher Parmenides? teachings that plurality and change are unreal, Zeno (approximately 490 - 430 B.C.E.) set out to prove Parmenides right. His demonstrations attempted to show the absurdities of the opposite view, that the world really contains plurality and change. The paper explains Zeno's methods of taking his opponents? hypotheses and, by deducing from them contradictory consequences, reduce them to absurdity. The paper concentrates on Zeno's set of four riddles which he devised to illustrate the unreality of motion. By means of these riddles Zeno demonstrated that Pythagorean science cannot define motion without running into inconsistency or impossibility. The paper examines why these four short stories are paradoxes and explores some of the solutions put forward to resolve them.
From the Paper "Brumbaugh says that the Pythagoreans seemed to agree that separate ?points,? and "moments" make up the physical world, including space and time. They thus would have defined motion as passing through a number of spatial points during a number of time moments, a definition similar to that which we have of velocity today. There was also agreement among the Pythagoreans that any continuous stretch, such as a line, could be bisected. However, the Pythagoreans did not agree on the size of the moments or points. They might have no size, or they might have a minimum, but finite, duration and extension, respectively. Furthermore, Brumbaugh suggests that the Pythagoreans did not agree on how they should think of the points making up or determining a line. Should they be thought of as points next to each other, or as points marking off segments, with spacing filling in the intervals between? (Brumbaugh, 63f)"
Tags: Stadium Achilles and the Tortoise, Flying Arrow Moving Rows Churchman
Abstract This paper deals with the strategical and technological battlefield of the fourteenth century and gives an insight into some of the battles that took place during the fourteenth century Scottish wars and the Hundred Years War. It describes how long-bow men were used on the field and how they were applied to the tactics of the day and why men-at-arms were increasingly relied upon over the traditional usage of heavy cavalry.
From the Paper "It is estimated that the English archers unleashed half a million arrows against the French at the battle of Crecy in 1346 . English long-bowmen brought the lines of French heavy cavalry and infantry into confusion. Arrows were about 36 inches long, tipped with the sharpened steel and fletched with goose feathers. Each archer would carry around 20 arrows and thousands more would be available in the baggage train. In combination with the new strategy learnt at Bannockburn long-bow-men would have a great impact on English armies during the 14th and 15th centuries."
Tags: cavalry, infantry, arrows, scotland, hundred, years, war, archery
Abstract Nearly a decade ago, academic attention was being given to understanding the central role that women have played in the economic and political changes occurring in Latin America. The books currently under review demonstrate the broadening scope of literature on women in the region. Scholars continue to analyze the roles women play in political change, but an increasing number of academics are studying how women are affected by those changes in political and economic regimes and by state institutions. The paper shows that, in a sense, the causal arrow now moves in two directions rather than one. A predominant research question in the late 1980s and early 1990s was, how do women's movements influence democratization processes? The works reviewed in this paper demonstrate that scholars have now adapted their query to reflect the changing political systems of Latin America: how does a transition toward democracy affect women and women's organizations? Or, how can these democracies be altered or fine-tuned to be more hospitable to women?
From the Paper "This subordination inhibited women from becoming political and being viewed as such by others. Diane Mitsch Bush and Jean Franco Mumme's contribution to the Nazzari volume, "Gender and the Mexican Revolution," echoes this idea. Their case study confirms the hypothesis that gender issues become subordinated to broader objectives within revolutionary movements. Movimiento de mujeres en Centroamerica offers further insights into the tensions between a woman as an individual political actor and the collective women's movement in Central America. This book is a must for anyone planning to do research on women in Central America."
Abstract The paper analyzes Max Ernst's artwork "Oedipus Rex" through the Freudian Oedipus complex and through the play "Oedipus Rex" by Sophocles. The paper considers how the surrealistic style of Ernst is used to depict the symbolic sexual tension between father, mother and son, especially in the case of the walnut and the arrow that penetrates it. The paper explains that this type of Freudian approach to painting is part of Ernst's desire to reflect his own inner conflicts.
From the Paper "The painting Oedipus Rex (1922) by Max Ernst was a direct result of his fascination with birds and the idea of a deeper unconscious mind working beneath the veil of surface thoughts. Ernst believed fervently in the premise of the bird as a symbol of how mankind sought to be free through flight, which acts in accordance with the Freudian concept of condensation. The link between the play by Sophocles and the painting only invigorate this idea, since the premise of the son in Freud's theory is to free himself from fatherly constraints to bond with his mother in intercourse. The nut being portrayed in the painting is clearly a female symbol of the vulva with the male fingers vying to enter it."
Abstract This paper discusses the iconography of the images depicted on the three Wu Family Shrines in Jiaxiang that date from the Han Dynasty. The author explains that the most important function of these images is to portray how an offering ceremony should be carried out in accordance with Confucian ethics, and discusses their symbolic meanings. The author considers the reasons for believing that the archer figure represents the mythological archer Yi, and explains that the myth of Yi is out of context with the other symbols, which all have something to with maintaining proper Confucian relationships or how to act in an virtuous manner. An alternative explanation within the context of the offering shrine is the ritual of the palace overseer discharging arrows at birds of ill omen. If the archers in the Wu Family Shrines are doing this, then they are portraying people acting in a virtuous manner by fulfilling their duties, which is much more in tune with the filial sons displaying reverence for their father and the officials paying respect to their fallen colleague, as well as the fenghuang representing good government. This paper contains figures.
Outline:
Introduction
Purpose of Shrine
The Central Homage Scene
Procession of Chariots
The Unused Chariot
Fenghuang
The Tree
The Archer Yi Explanation
Appendix
From the Paper "Two Fenghuang, or phoenixes, appear on the roofs of each of the homage scenes, and can be identified by their extravagant tales. The symbolism of the fenghuang is remarked on in the Bo Hu Tong, a prominent text from the Han era, which states "The feng huang is the chief among the birds. When above there is an enlightened King, and general peach, then it appears." From this, it would appear that these birds symbolize the existence of good government and peace. If one remembers to bring Confucian ethics into consideration, then this symbol can just as easily be applied to a household as it can be applied to China as a whole. This would entirely appropriate for a tomb or shrine which wishes to portray the virtuosity of the deceased."
