Abstract
This paper provides a detailed overview of acids and bases in the pH scale, including the history, characteristics, types, and Ka values with chemistry and biology applications. The paper covers seven main parts: the history starting with the Romans; the definition of both an acid and a base; the characteristics of acids and bases; types of acids and bases; how to determine an acid number; the relationship between acids and bases to the pH scale; and aqueous and self-ionization solutions. I. Introduction A. What do acids and alkalines have in common? 1.To test whether temperature affected the acidity of different liquids. 2. The complexity and fascination of such project. 3. If different types of liquids were utilized, then temperature would certainly make a difference, however minimal. II. History A. The history of acids have dated back centuries. 1. The Romans first coined the term acidus. 2. Lavoisier's work with acids. 3. Predecessors, such as Arrhenius. III. Definition of acid A. The definition of acids have been controversial at times. 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. The Bronsted definition 3. The Lewis definition IV. Characterizing acids in general B. The nature of acids 1. Sourness 2. Dissolving in water V. Types of Acids A. Strong acids 1. Fundamental characteristics. 2. Dangerous 3. Larger Ka values B. Weak acids 1. Fundamental characteristics 2. Smaller Ka values 3. Equilibrium watch VI. Characterizing Bases. A. Bases are the opposite of acids 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. Characteristics B. Strong and weak bases VII. Acidity A. Acid number has a lot of relation to everything else 1. Determining acid number 2. Acid numbers importance B. pH is the epitome of research 1. Aqueous solution 2. Self- ionization 3. Definitions

From the Paper
"What do acids and alkaline truly have in common? The history of the understanding of an acid is relatively old. Dating back to the Roman Empire days, came the word that we derived acid from, acidus, meaning sour. Around the 1800s, French chemists erroneously believed that all acids contained oxygen, including the famed Antoine Lavoisier. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in the mid 1800s and a Nobel laureate, did a few experimentations with acids, and came up with concocting a definitive, chemically sound definition of an acid. Later on, in the 20th century, the partners Bronsted and Lowry initiated theories about acids using and published the acid-based concept. The most pragmatic research of acids and bases came from the American chemist Gilbert Lewis. Ever since then, the idea of acids and base has been widely recognized, although the definitions of such terms have been rather controversial."

Tags:acid, acidity, acids, alkaline, aqueous, arrhenius, base, bases, biology, chemistry, equilibrium, ka, laviosier, number, ph, romans, scale, sour

Abstract
This paper studies the theory that chemical reactions are the result of the collision between molecules. Also known as the collision model, the author explains how these collisions, when strong enough and with ambient environments, can cause kinetic energy. The paper also introduces the Arrhenius equation and explains how this equation measures the activation energy of a particular reaction and quantifies the collision model in a way that can be useful for scientists conducting experiments. Like any other equation, the paper describes the different experimental parameters that will have an impact on the product of the Arrhenius equation. The paper also demonstrates how the Arrhenius equation can be applied to other disciplines.

From the Paper
"Not every collision between molecules will create new products. In fact, the vast majority of collisions do not because they are not strong enough to break the existing bonds, which are often quite strong between molecules. For the collision to be successful, the molecules have to be oriented in such a way that the activation energy is sufficient to generate a reaction in the substance in question. Temperature, the presence of catalysts, the concentration of the substance, and other factors affect activation energy. Also, the molecules within molecular bonds are also held together with different degrees of strength which affect the potential and kinetic energy released from collisions."

Tags:molecular reactions, kinetic energy, catalysts

Abstract
This paper examines the role of industrial emissions in bringing about global warming. The paper argues that as Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius recognized, such emissions are among the chief causes of the greenhouse effect. In the conclusion, this paper argues that alternative energy sources should be developed and adopted, in order to avoid any more environmental damage.

From the Paper
"In addition to the ozone layer, fluorinated compounds are an extremely efficient greenhouse gas. One molecule of these synthetic compounds traps one thousand times more heat than a carbon dioxide molecule.
Many scientists have raised concerns regarding the global warming caused by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Author William F. Ruddiman argues, for example, argues that greenhouse gases trap heat and indirectly cause extreme climate changes such as floods and droughts (Ruddiman 165). Corollary to this, the National Assessment Synthesis Team (NAST) of the United States Global Change Research Program warns of more rapid and extreme climate changes if the world does not take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These include spikes in the heat index, increased frequencies of heat waves and the possible melting of glaciers in Alaska (Ruddiman 84). They trace greenhouse gases to human activities associated with industrialization. "

Tags:health, fossil, atmosphere, chlorofluorocarbons, heat, environment, heat

Abstract
Global warming has been the subject of much debate since the concept of the greenhouse effect was first introduced by Nobel prize winning scientist Svante Arrhenius in 1896

From the Paper
"Introduction
Global warming has been the subject of much debate since the concept of the greenhouse effect was first introduced by Nobel prize winning scientist Svante Arrhenius in 1896. Inspired by the onset of the industrial revolution, Arrhenius theorized that the earth's temperature would rise as a result of the mass consumption of fossil fuels. However, he postulated that humanity would flourish in a warmer climate, whereas there is a growing consensus in the scientific community today that just the opposite is the case.



What is Global Warming?
Global warming is also referred to as the greenhouse effect and is put in terms of climate change. Scientists,..."