Abstract
This paper looks at a recent issue in cultural diversity in the criminal justice system - the charging of suspected terrorists in preemptive arrests. According to the paper, often individual of Middle Eastern origin with little or no direct evidence of wrong doing or planning to commit any wrongdoing.

From the Paper
"Since September 11, 2001, the justice department has actively sought out, detained and imprisoned without charges hundreds of people of Middle-Eastern descent on suspicion of being involved in terrorism. (Waldman) The latest example is the arrest of Hamid Hayat, a ... year old living in Lodi, California who spent half his life there and half in Pakistan. Cultural Diversity Misunderstandings After hours of questioning at the FBI's Sacramento office, Hayat confessed to attending a terrorism training camp in Pakistan and coming back to America to wage jihad."

Tags:cultural diversity, criminal justice, September ll, terrorists

Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes research on possible correlation between firefighters' physical fitness and the risk of dying of cardiac arrest while battling a blaze. The paper cites studies stating that as fire-fighting proves to be a physically, mentally, and emotionally challenging job that demands a fire-fighter be at his or her best in every way possible, and that approximately 40% or 449 of the 1,144 on-duty deaths during the study period were reported to be due to heart disease. The paper points out that some researchers contend that number of fire departments do not do all that needs to be done to improve health, and consequently help prevent and decrease cardiac arrests. Dr. Linda Rosenstock, dean of the UCLA School of Public Health, contends that a number of fire departments do not do all that needs to be done to improve health, and consequently help prevent and/or decrease cardiac arrests. The same researchers conclude, the paper continues, that firefighters must be required to undergo annual physicals and fitness tests, as well as ensure participate in fitness programs, which would help reduce the risk factors of heart disease risk factors, including obesity and high blood pressure. This paper includes illustrative charts and tables.

Outline:
Introduction
Critical Cardiac Concerns
Considerations
Physical Agility Test Requirements
Conclusion

From the Paper
" Some people consider the greatest threat to fire fighters would evolve from inhaling smoke inhalation or being severely burned, Robert Siegel, host of National Public Radio (NPR) program, noted. A report in 2007, however, reveals that factors relating to extinguishing fires places fire-fighters at a greater risk of experiencing a fatal heart attack. In fact, fire-fighters of dying from cardiac arrest double the risk policemen experience in the line of duty, and triple the risks for paramedics in their work. Richard Knox, also of NPR, reports that results from a Harvard School of Public Health study, which examined reported each on-duty death among American fire-fighters between 1994 and 2004 (not those associated with 911), reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, reveal: "Heart attack is by far the biggest on-duty killer among the nation's 1.1 million fire[-]fighters. It accounts for 45 percent of their deaths on the job." Cardiac deaths which occur during actual fire-fighting total as much as a 136 times more than that take place when fire-fighters perform non-emergency duties."

Tags:heart, disease, fireman, paramedic, rescue, cardiopulmonary

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the issue of law enforcement response time and arrests. The paper includes a description of the approaches taken by law enforcement agencies in the U.S. to reduce crime and what initiatives have been shown to be effective. A summary of the research that shows faster response times do not necessarily equate to increased arrest rates is also provided in the conclusion.

Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Different Approaches to Crime Prevention
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In response to rising crime rates during the last half of the 20th century, law enforcement agencies across the country engaged in a wide range of reforms in an effort to reduce crime and improve public confidence in their safety. These issues became all the more critical following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and as a result, a number of police departments have hired additional staff, many using federal funds specifically allocated for the purpose. One of the goals of these initiatives was to improve overall arrest rates as a measure of law enforcement effectiveness in carrying out their duties; however, because the decision to arrest is based on a wide range of frequently changing social and administrative factors, studies have shown time and again that there is little, if any, correlation between actual police response times to criminal scenes and the percentage of people who are arrested as a result."

Tags:police, fire, september, 11, terrorist, crime, criminal, jail

Abstract
A law study paper in that bases its argument on a specific court case stating that police are guilty of racial discrimination in many cases but in the cite case they could not be held accountable for going against the law set limits.

Tags:racial, ethnic, discrimination

Abstract
This paper discusses how racism sometimes negatively impacts on the arrest procedures used by police. According to statistics, blacks in the USA have far more than their share of arrests, relative to their population percentage. This paper further points out that this also appears to be true in most countries. For example, a study conducted in 1998 in England showed that blacks were 7.5 times more likely than whites to be stopped by police officers and searched.

Tags:racism, police, arrests

Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between an arrest and detention, explaining that a key distinction between the two is that only arrests require probable cause. The paper examines legal information regarding the definition of an arrest and detention and explains some of the difficulties associated with differentiating the two.

From the Paper
"Early decisions of the Court suggested that an arrest occurred any time the police restricted a person's movement. See Henry v. United States, 361 U.S. 98 (1959). Under this definition, an arrest would happen anytime the police even talked to a suspect if the suspect unilaterally thought he was not free to leave. Id. In Henry v. United States, the Court found that an arrest occurred when police stopped a car whose occupants were suspected of transferring stolen liquor. According to the Court, "when the officers interrupted the two men and restricted their liberty of movement, the arrest, for purposes of this case, was complete." The Court ultimately ruled that since the police did not have probable cause at that moment, their action was unconstitutional."

Tags:restriction, movement, terry, v., ohio, unconstitutional, probable, cause, seizures

Abstract
Wrongful arrest due to seizure activity in public is not an uncommon complication for individuals with epilepsy and other seizure disorders, not caused by illicit behaviors. There are over two millions Americans living with epilepsy, all of whom at some time have experienced challenges associated with their disease and many of whom have been the victims of wrongful arrest and incarceration. This work addresses the problem of wrongful arrests for seizure-related behavior in public, the degree of the problem and some possible solutions to the problem.

From the Paper
"Though efforts have been made to educate and assist individuals and to train professionals who are called to the scene, individuals with seizure disorders are often innately aware that there is something wrong, and they are therefore resistant to assistance, and especially restraint which can be perceived as resisting arrest. This problem has been documented for centuries and would have been significantly worse in the past as less seizure suppression medication was available to patients and the social stigma of the problem was even greater, for both the individual and the family."

Tags:ADA, epilepsy, foundation, medication

Abstract
The paper discusses how there is a perception that black Americans are either guilty of more violent crimes than white Americans or are victims of racial profiling, making it appear that they are perpetrators of more violent crimes than white Americans. This paper argues that there is less disparity in either arrests or in commission of violent crimes than may be perceived, according to FBI statistics.

From the Paper
"A look at the news on any given evening might be enough to convince the viewer that a racial divide exists in the commission of violent crime. Reports of black-on-black and black-on-white crime often far outnumber the reports of white-on-white or white-on-black crime. A similar look into the nation's jails and prisons might also seem to reveal the truth behind these reports, for all that black inmates often outnumber white inmates in any given correctional institution. But is the evidence actually evidence of the truth? Do black Americans actually commit more crimes than white..."

Tags:crime, violence, race

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the arrest and charge of Constable Robert Hagan regarding the stolen pieces of the Space Shuttle Columbia. The writer explores several aspects of the case, including what Hagan is charged with doing and what his possible punishments might be.

From the Paper
"For society to function properly it must be able to place the utmost trust in those it chooses to protect and to serve its members. The ability to trust police officers and others who are charged with leading the moral path is essential to the continued growth and development of the nation. When a trusted official breaks the law it sends shock waves through society. Constable Robert Hagan II has been charged with stealing from the United States government. His case has made national news because he is a trusted elected official and as such expected to hold himself to a higher standard than the average resident. His case is being watched closely by media and laymen alike as he goes through the process he was supposed to help implement and uphold."

Tags:united, states, property, landing, scene, debris, texas, law, enforcement, disaster, pieces, judicial, system, theft

Abstract
The paper investigates a unique characteristic found within the development of male orangutans whereby the reaching of complete maturity and adulthood among a portion of orangutan males, both in the wild and captivity, is held off and slowed down by natural means. The paper explains how developmentally arrested orangutans remain subadults, smaller and less physically mature than their fully grown adult male counterparts. It explores a number of studies which have been conducted to attempt to determine the reasons and causes for what is often called bimaturism. The paper shows that because of the lower status of subadult males, female orangutans prefer to copulate with dominant, fully mature males. Often, in order to receive sexual gratification, subadult orangutans force unwilling females to have sex and the act of rape is extremely common among orangutans. The paper shows how a number of studies have been conducted in order to better understand the reasons for bimaturism and the effects of the trait on orangutan populations and the species as a whole.

From the Paper
"Because of their solitary, illusive nature, it is often difficult to observe orangutans in the wild. It was previously believed that orangutan males reached puberty sometime between the ages of seven and nine. Researchers thought that developing males would spend a few years in an intermediate stage, before becoming a full grown adult sometime between twelve and fourteen. However, after populations were established in zoos, scientists noted that subadults would remain in the arrested development stage as long as a dominant male was present. When the fully mature male was removed, the subadult males would physically develop the traits of dominant males, most notably the wide cheek pads, and long, brightly colored hair."

Tags:Pongo, Pygmaeus, Southeast, Asia, testosterone, consortship