Abstract The science of sexual arousal between men and women is complicated, at best, and has long been a source of interest and commentary among scientists and psychologists alike. The behaviors and speech patterns of men and women have been studied and proven, in many instances, to be different. Likewise, men and women respond to different cues when sexuality is examined. This paper explores the science behind sexuality and arousal and explains the scientific basis behind the different mechanisms that arouse men and women.
From the Paper "Psychologists time and time again have addressed arousal issues among couples where one partner seems less interested in sex than another, and part of the cause may be the interpersonal dynamics of relationships, and lack of understanding related to the mechanism of arousal between men and women (Davis, 2003). Men and women traditionally are aroused in different manners, and understanding the mechanisms related to arousal is essential to successful short term and long term relationships."
Abstract This paper explores the sexual perversion theories of Thomas Nagel. The paper defines sexual perversion as viewed by religion, secular culture and Nagel's psychological ideals. The paper discusses what sexual normal is and perversion according to Nagel's psychology. The author writes that sexual perversions occur when sexual interactions differ from the norm of each individual responding, with sexual arousal, to noticing the sexual arousal of the other person
From the Paper "Thomas Nagel's theory of sexual perversion is based on many factors. Sexual perversion has been widely debated, and viewpoints have ranged from the Catholic view that all non-reproductive sexual activity is a perversion, to the secular view that sexual perversions occur when acts infringe on basic human rights. Nagel's view is that it is a psychological basis that provides the criteria for sexual perversion."
Abstract Previous researcher has indicated that stress can have a negative impact on student classroom performance. Other studies have indicated that humor can have a beneficial impact on student learning outcomes. However, little prior research has examined the links between humor and classroom stress. This study examines the effects of instructor use of classroom humor on stress among high school students. Fifty-four students in two high school classes were surveyed to determine their levels of stress and arousal. The classes were evenly divided along gender lines (28 males, 26 females). The classes were also mixed ones containing both juniors (n=20) and seniors (n=34). One class was led by a teacher who regularly employed humor in her presentations; this was the experimental group (n=26). A second class was led by a teacher who did not utilize humor in his presentations; this was the control group (n=28). Two hypotheses were proposed, one that stress levels would be lower in the humor classroom, one that arousal levels would be higher in the humor classroom. Both hypotheses were strongly supported at or near the p=.01 level. The paper concludes by noting some limitations that should be addressed in future studies.
From the Paper "This review of literature will consider the general nature and source of stress and its effects; it will also examine stressors associated with the educational environment and the processes of learning that directly impact upon the capacity of students to function efficiently and at full potential. Issues related to how humor can be used to reduce stress or ameliorate its effects will be considered. To the degree possible, classroom or instructional use of humor will be considered.
The term "Stress" has historically been used to refer both to adjustive demands placed on an organism and to then organism's internal responses to such demands (Coleman, 2000). Stress is generally regarded as the outcome or artifact of frustration, conflict and pressure, each of which is can be omnipresent within the school or classroom environment. Generally, theorists argue that frustration occurs when one's strivings are thwarted, either by obstacles that block progress toward a desired goal or by absence of an appropriate goal (Coleman, 2000). Conflict arising from the simultaneous occurrence of two or more incompatible needs or motives: the requirements of one preclude satisfaction of the other(S). Stress may also stem from pressures to achieve specific goals or to behave in particular ways; such pressures may originate from internal or external sources (Coleman, 2000; Davison & Neale, 1989). "
Abstract Sexual arousal disorder is an impairment during any stage of the sexual response cycle (desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution) that prevents an individual or couple from experiencing satisfaction during sexual activity. The paper details that the affected individuals may be interested in sexual intercourse, but experience difficulty becoming stimulated enough to complete the act. It looks at the treatment possible for this disorder.
From the Paper "In women, alternative names for this type of disorder may include frigidity and female sexual dysfunction. This disorder refers to women who are indifferent or hostile to sexual intercourse, have no response to sexual advances or stimulation, or are unable to have an orgasm during intercourse. However, the clinical diagnosis usually refers to the chronic inability to lubricate enough to complete the sex act. When women are sexually aroused there is an increase in blood flow to the genital area, which helps prepare her body for intercourse. In addition, vaginal lubricants are secreted and tissue in the vaginal area becomes enlarged. For many women, occasional failure to become aroused is perfectly normal. If this failure occurs frequently and causes problems in relationships, it can be diagnosed as female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD). In FSAD, the body does not prepare for intercourse."
Abstract This paper briefly analyses the role of the nervous system, the physiological systems involved in arousal, the physiological and psychological effects of prolonged or intense arousal and the relationship between stress and disease.
From the Paper "The CNS and PNS are further subdivided, the CNS as mentioned previously is divided into the brain the spinal cord and the PNS if further sub-divided into the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is responsible our voluntary actions through our skeletal muscles whilst the autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary functions including internal organs, muscles and glands such as heart rate and breathing rate, etc where levels of arousal are high due to these functions. The autonomic nervous system is further sub-divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system."
Abstract This paper explains that stereotype application is the third step in the stereotyping process. The author points out the many factors that affect stereotype application. The paper relates the research hypothesis that arousal will have a main direct effect on stereotype application because arousal will place a cognitive load on participants thereby increasing their reliance on stereotypes for processing. The research methodology is included.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Design
Materials
Procedure
From the Paper "Another factor that affects stereotype application is familiarity. A study done by Zebrowitz, Bronstad, and Lee (2007) showed that stereotyping was lower for familiar faces (i.e. faces of the same race) than for people of unfamiliar faces because of both cultural beliefs and negative affective reactions to unfamiliarity. However, other studies have shown that familiarity can actually increase stereotyping. Two experiments done by Smith et al (2005) showed that repeated exposure to information about a target person reduced individuation and increased stereotyping."
Tags: standardized oversimplified, cognitive load, factorial design, story
Abstract The paper describes the Milgram experiments that demonstrated the degree to which normal individuals are susceptible to blind obedience and deference to authority. The paper also discusses the Stanford prison experiment which illustrated the effects of groupthink on individual behavior. The paper then looks at studies that examined the effects of heightened emotional arousal on an individual. The paper concludes that while the human tendency to internalize environmental information and feedback from others is perfectly normal, in the extreme, those traits make us susceptible to psychological manipulation.
Outline:
Introduction - Human Behavior in Social Situations
Experiments into the Impact of Perceived Deferred Responsibility
The Significance of the Phenomenon of Deference to Authority
The Stanford Prison Experiment and the Impact of Social Situations and Groupthink
The Significance of the Phenomenon of Groupthink on Individual Behavior
The Influence of Sensory Arousal on Personal Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper "Human behavior reflects a complex interrelationship between elements of individual psychological development and external circumstances. In that regard, social situations involving other people is among the most significant external circumstances that influence the behavior of the individual. Normal psychological responses to social circumstances have the potential to be exploited and in the most extreme examples, may produce a social psychosis capable of transforming a society entirely."
Abstract This paper discusses how neurobiological researchers have shown that emotions such as fear, stress, arousal and valance (positivity and negativity) all play a role in stimulating the brain in such a way that learning and memory occur. This paper focuses on the effect these emotions have on the learning process.
From the Paper "Stress is another emotion that plays a vital role in learning and memory. Stress is actually the heightened awareness that one experiences in a situation where the outcome or consequences may be higher than normal. Everyone experiences stress to some degree on a daily basis; however, it is the most stressful situations that arouse the brain triggering the release of stress hormones. Within milliseconds of the stressful situation, epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted. Seconds later, the secretion of cortisol follows. Research has shown that these stress hormones act on the brain and thereby modulate cognition, learning and memory. Therefore, a person who is under a lot of stress will be more likely to learn and recall information than someone who is not under a lot of stress."
Abstract This paper explains that Keller's ARCS motivation model identifies the four characteristics, which are capitalized and form the acronyms for ARCS and are applied in a sequential manner: Attention (arouse and sustain interest), Relevance (connect lives, needs and interests of the student to the content), Confidence (create a positive expectation for student success) and Satisfaction (intrinsic and extrinsic reward for effort). The author points out that Keller breaks the four major ARCS characteristics into three sub-components: Attention into the sub-components of perceptual arousal, inquiry arousal and variability; Relevance into goal orientation, motive matching and familiarity; Confidence into the sub-components of learning requirements, success opportunities and personal responsibility and Satisfaction into intrinsic reinforcement, extrinsic rewards and equity. The paper applies this teaching method in a detailed lesson plan on using geometry to build a tower, to teaching swimming and states that the method can be used in business.
Table of Contents
Introduction
A Review of the Literature and Applications in the Classroom
Characteristics of the ARCS Model
Attention
Relevance
Confidence
Satisfaction
Table 1: Instructional Strategies for Stimulating Motivation as Suggested by the ARCS Model
The Application of ARCS to an Actual Lesson Plan
Attention
Relevance
Confidence
Satisfaction
The Application of ARCS outside the Classroom
Attention
Relevance
Confidence
Satisfaction
Summary
Appendix A: Using Geometry to Build a Tower
From the Paper "In the lesson, confidence is first instilled in the learners by supplying them with a rubric that outlines the expectations for success in the project. The assignment begins with the relatively simple assignment of taking pictures or looking at pictures on the internet and then describing those structures in their notebooks. Next, the lesson encourages success by having the student build two simple geometric figures, a triangle and a square, and then add to the design of each to strengthen the figures. Once the students have built the simple geometric figures, the lesson challenges the students to build a three dimensional figure and then to build a tower. Each step adds new challenges and opportunities for success. The hands-on nature of the activity also provides the learner with a certain degree of control over the learning environment. This also serves to foster confidence in the learner."
Abstract This paper discusses that the impact a spinal cord injury (SCI) has on the sexual functioning depends on the type and level of injury, the treatment and the medication used. This paper reports that the physical effects following severing of the spinal cord are the lack of sexual arousal due to psychogenic stimuli; physiological arousal is possible. The author believes it is important that the patient's condition is evaluated recognizing the change in lifestyle that SCI demands.
From the Paper "As in all other human bodily systems, the central nervous system controls sexual function. Any injury to the central nervous system consequently affects sexual function. The question is to what extent function and sensation will be affected with injuries at various levels and degrees of severity. (Boller & Frank, 1982) In the normal course of life, women generally have alterations in their sexual desire, ability to lubricate and/or have comfortable intercourse, or in their ability to reach or feel orgasm. Changes to genital sensation or urinary or bowel incontinence also affect the sexual response. Fortunately, women with neurological changes not affecting their hormonal status are usually fertile. Like men, overall sexual functioning, and risk of bladder and bowel incontinence, mobility issues, general health, medication, relationships and sexual self-view also determine a woman's sexual interest."
This paper selects John F. Kennedy as a transformational leader based on the book "Leadership Enhancing the Lessons of Experience" by R.L. Hughes et. al..
Abstract This paper explains that John F. Kennedy was a transformational leader in the 1960s in the U.S. and abroad because, even though he was certainly charismatic, his basic achievements were to enlist and arouse political activism among the young, a generation which had seldom been concerned with politics. The author points out that Kennedy's ability to reframe issues by (1) arousing emotions of his followers, (2) dealing with conflict and change, (3) utilizing his outstanding rhetorical skills, (4) creating an image, (5) developing a sense of trust and (6) establishing group cohesiveness made him a transformational leader. The paper relates that, unlike the text's examples of other transformational leaders, Kennedy cannot truly be judged on his accomplishments since he was assassinated well before many of his ideas became reality and his legislative and foreign affairs efforts worked out.
From the Paper "Kennedy had to deal with conflict and change. This meant not only the Cold War with Russia, but the serious situations escalating in Viet Nam. Of course, the two most serious conflicts during his presidency were the Cuban missile crisis, where he and his advisers managed to get Krushchev to back down from the installation of missile sites in Cuba; and the Bay of Pigs fiasco, where poor planning and judgment led to the deaths and capture of some Cuban refugees trying (with the covert help of the U.S.) to invade Cuba and somehow overthrow Fidel Castro."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the controversy surrounding MP3 and Napster. The author examines the debate around piracy and the difficulties aroused by this new development.
From the Paper "Technology has always fueled expression. Now, with the MP3 format, people can easily distribute their recordings digitally, with incredible clarity and quality, with personal computers and the Internet. This technology has also fueled much debate about the piracy of copyrighted music. "
Abstract This paper examines the genre of horror movies with focus on the movie "The Exorcist". The author provides detailed analysis o the film, its events and characters and explains how and why this film falls into the category of horror genre films arousing images and superstitions and reflecting thoughts from our psyches and our personal and social world.
From the Paper "Horror is genre that can be defined under certain character types and story elements. The horror movies can be supernatural, biological or psychological. It can take place almost anywhere. The horror film becomes a reflection of the fears of the audience who cannot face the reality or fears that they have in their life. In the horror films they see a method to face their fears. It is a function by which reality is transformed into fantasy and faced with bravado. The horror genre projects images of our superstitions as the points of focus: our own psyches, science and technology, pain, death, the dead and all forms of hostile forces which may at any moment intrude upon our patched up social and personal worlds. Thus, they are most feared and most appreciated. The Exorcist was one such movie."
Abstract This paper addresses sexual harassment of women in the workplace. The author discusses the argument that women who use the court system as an outlet for their harassment diminish the progress of women in the workplace and arouses angry feelings from male co-workers. The paper also examines the frustration and anger that harassed women feel, but also how lawsuits filed by these women are getting out of control.
From the Paper:
"A sincere compliment, a reassuring hug, a pat on the back, discussing the latest sex scandal, a dirty joke, a sexual invitation, can a woman draw the line between a comfortable working environment and a hostile one? Since the 1991 trial when law professor Anita Hill filed sexual harassment charges against her former boss, Supreme Court Nominee, Judge Clarence Thomas, sexual harassment lawsuits filed in the United States have averaged 18,000 per year."
Tags: environment, harassment, lawsuit, sexual, women, work, anita, hill, wintors, john
Abstract This paper takes a look at how two contemporary poets from the Romantic era of English Literature - Coleridge and Wordsworth, who shared colleagues and personal friends, had quite different attitudes to the world as reflected in their poetry.
From the paper:
"Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth were two of the greatest champions of the Romantic Movement in English literature as well as colleagues and personal friends. And yet it would be a mistake to identify them too closely with each other, for while they were both properly enamored ? as must all Romantic poets have been ? of the intense emotions that the world of nature could arouse in the human spirit, they nevertheless approached the relationship of the individual to the natural world in very different ways."
