Abstract This paper states that its research on the issue of civic engagement in global public policy confirms that citizens and peace activists all over the world have organized transnational networks in order to influence arms control policies and bring about change. Their efforts have produced mixed results, from remarkable success to complete failure. Ultimately, their influence on arms control policy depends upon their ability to generate public support for arms reductions, for public support translates into political pressure on government policymakers. The paper brings historical examples from the Cold War to illustrate this, such as the Cuban missile crisis, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union, the Salt I Treaty, the Strategic Defense Initiative, and the START treaty. The paper concludes by stating that arms and militarism have been an inseparable part of every major empire or culture throughout human history and that this is a dilemma peace activists may not be able to resolve. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper "Civic engagement on arms control policy emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War in response to the development and deployment of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union. After the fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union amassed huge arsenals of atomic bombs, intercontinental ballistic missiles, strategic jet bombers, and ballistic missile submarines, and it seemed that conventional battles fought by massed armies of tanks and infantry would never occur again. The general consensus among government officials and the public as well was that possession of nuclear weapons was the new measure of any nation's military power."
Abstract This paper describes the impact of small arms proliferation in Southeast Asian region. It highlights studies that detail illegal activities that allow rebels access to small arms with which to perpetrate further chaos in the country by undermining vital aspects of basic human security.
Contents
Introduction
Small Arms Proliferation and its Impacts on Human Security in Southeast Asia
From the Paper "According to the "Small Arms Survey 2002: Counting the Human Cost" published by the University of Geneva, the total number of human lives lost to small arms has reached approximately 639 million worldwide. Relatedly, according to the United Nations, the current number of small arms around the world is estimated to be 500 million to 1 billion. Light weapons are found to be the principal cause of death in conflicts around the world with the vast number of casualties belonging to civilians. It appears that despite the numerous lives lost, small arms and light weapons remain largely available in the world.
Small arms proliferation and their subsequent misuse by criminal elements have not only caused massive deaths but also undermined the equally important aspects of human security. These aspects include economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security. With the increasing level of small arms proliferation and the resulting instability and insecurity it causes, human security is threatened. It serves to prolong the violent intra-state conflicts, and worst, encourage the demand for more arms for more profit to arms peddlers and for self-defense of neglected civilians. It is in this context that human security is examined amidst the proliferation and misuse of small arms in Southeast Asia."
Abstract Since the hijackings of September 11, there has been a great deal of controversy involving the arming of airline pilots. Whether or not this is a good idea is the topic of this paper.
Abstract This paper is a literature review of a very important topic; namely, the relationship between the state of the European arms manufacturing sector and the harmonization of European militaries under the "aegis" of the European Union (Eurocorps in particular). The paper examines the statistical evidence available, EU documents that are available (many are not) as well as any interviews that have been conducted examining the issue. Ultimately, the pros and cons of the aforementioned relationship does not provide for easy answers.
Abstract The paper discusses the proposal to arm airline pilots. The paper looks at those in favor who argued that pilots needed the means to repel invaders into the cockpit. Those not in favor argued that it was dangerous for pilots to be carrying firearms and that doing so also put them in danger. The paper describes how the issue was considered as various legislation was proposed and as an increased effort was made to train air marshals for service to protect the flying public. The paper points out that the question is still often raised and continues to foster debate.
Abstract This research considers how armed conflict is shaped by a country's political stability, military expenditures and type of government. It theorizes that higher levels of political stability, smaller armed forces, and lower amounts of military expenditures will result in less armed conflict for a country. Also, a country's type of government (i.e. Democratic, Authoritarian, Socialist, etc.) will be of significant influence upon the amount of armed conflict that the country engages in. After analyzing the data for the 208 countries, the paper finds that there is in fact a strong negative relationship between the political stability of a country and its involvement in armed conflict. The more stable the political climate of a country, the less likely it is for that country to be involved in armed conflict, and the less stable the political climate of a country, the more likely it is for that country to be involved in armed conflict. With respect to a country's spending on its military, as well as the size of that military, the paper finds no significant relationship between these factors and a country's propensity to be involved in armed conflict. Furthermore, although the paper notes that communist and Islamic governments appear more prone to be engaged in armed conflict, it argues that this is merely a spurious relationship. It finds, instead, that a country's particular form of government has no real bearing on whether or not it will be involved in armed conflict. The paper includes several graphs and tables.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Influencing Elements on Armed Conflict: Expectations from Previously Published Literature
General Methodology and Operationalization of Variables
Understanding Possible Causes Associated With Armed Conflict
Conclusion
Appendix: Graphs and Tables
Bibliography
From the Paper "The second indicator which we examined in order to test a possible relationship between armed conflict and military buildup and spending concerns the total number of armed forces a country supports in thousands . Recoded to allow greater legibility within a cross-tabulation, while the data support a relationship between low armed conflict and a lower level of armed forces, the relationship does not continue to the high level. Table 6 reports that countries with less than 500,000 total armed forces in the 0-250 category have low or low-medium levels of armed conflict 60% of the time, while countries in the 250.1-500 category reach 66.7%."
Abstract This paper explains that, today, the interpretation of the amendment has polarized the American people into two different views: (1) Those opposed to private ownership of firearms argue that there is no individual right to bear arms because the Second Amendment refers to the people's collective right as a members of a well-regulated State militia, and (2) those in favor hold that individuals may bring claims or raise challenges based on a violation of their rights under the Second Amendment. The author points out that the "rights of the people" means the rights of individuals; the right to keep and bear arms is an individual right, just as are all rights in the first ten amendments, the Bill of Rights. The paper relates that the phrase "keep arms" at the time of the writing of the United States Constitution usually indicated the private ownership and retention of arms by individuals as individuals, not the stockpiling of arms by a government or its soldiers.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Background
Constitutional Interpretation
"The Right of the People"
"To Keep and Bear Arms"
"A Well Regulated Militia, Being Necessary to the Security of a Free State"
Conclusion
From the Paper "When "right" is used together with "the people" the right must belong to individuals because people are not a State or the Militia. Evidence shows that the only truly "collective" use of the "the people" at the time of the Founding was to refer to the people as they existed apart from government or any service to it. For example, the Declaration of Independence refers to "one People" dissolving their political bonds with another and forming their own nation, and "We the people" created the Constitution in ratifying conventions chosen "by the People" of each State. Thus, when "the right of the people" appears in the Constitution, it indicates a personal right of individuals, whether that be a right to assemble and petition, to be secure in one's person and property, or to keep and bear arms."
Tags: interpretation, individual, militia, violation, bill
Abstract This paper takes an historical look at what the framers of the U.S. Constitution meant regarding the right to keep and bear arms and looks at some of the controversial issues associated with this right. The paper then uses this information to present arguments favoring the right to bear arms. The paper also contrasts American policy on the right to bear arms with that of other countries and uses this contrast to further support the argument that American citizens should and do have the right to keep and bear arms.
From the Paper "When the Constitution went up for ratification, there was much debate in state conventions and two opposing forces emerged. One of the sides was the Antifederalists, who were against the government having the power to dispossess individuals of their rights such as the right to keep and bear arms. The other side was the Federalists, who were desperately trying to have the Constitution ratified and maintain a centralized standing army. The Federalists guaranteed that people would be armed so that they could stop a tyrannical standing army. The Anti-federalists were concerned that people could be overwhelmed by the established standing army without one explicitly written right preserving the individual to keep and bear arms."
Abstract The paper discusses worldwide arms sales during and after the Cold War. The writer explores events leading to the increase in arms sales and provides an argument that the dismantling of the Soviet Union launched an arms sales increase. The paper explains how selling arms to developing nations provides stronger countries with power because the stronger country can threaten to stop the sales or to sell to the enemy if the developing nation does not do as it is told. The paper argues that it is time to stop the cycle before the US and other nations become "bully" nations.
From the Paper "The collapse of the Soviet Union rocked the world. The entire industrialized society tuned in to watch the dismantling of what it believed to be the stronghold on communism and many of the world's problems. Little did society realize that the dismantling of the USSR would also trigger issues that would create concerns. One of the biggest surprises that came out of the cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union was the increase in worldwide arms sales. While most of the world viewed the dismantling and rebuilding process of the Soviet Union to be in keeping with steps towards world peace evidence has shown that since the collapse of the Soviet Union arms sale throughout the world have increased dramatically."
Abstract This paper examines if the recommendation toward altering sentencing laws for the offense of armed robbery is valid. It explains that this recommendation is viewed as a means of providing a stronger deterrence to the crime of armed robbery, as well as providing the possibility of sending a message to offenders that this type of crime will not be tolerated throughout society. The writer notes that doubling the base sentence at this time would then set up a situation in which the final punishment is significantly greater than the crime. The writer believes that the intent to alter the basic sentence for armed robbery be halted at this time. The writer further suggests that changes in the basic sentencing for armed robbery may prove to be unconstitutional in relation to excessive sentencing, allowing the guilty to be released and the purpose of any type of legislation in regard to this issue to fail to meet its objectives.
From the Paper "Armed robbery is considered a serious offense because of the various factors that can be present during the process of the criminal act, to include loss of life due to the presence of a weapon. While there may be changes requested to the sentencing in relation to certain crimes, the Federal Sentencing Guidelines provide the basis by which judges may impose sentence, and until recently this document has served as a mandatory issue in the sentencing in relation to all criminal acts."
Abstract This paper supports the thesis that the U.S. government's history of providing arms to governments with known human rights violations undermines its claims of support for human rights. Although the US has the most stringent policies regarding export control on the books, the commitment to these policies and the inadequate methods of enforcement are of great concern. The paper specifically discuses the cases of Bahrain, Indonesia and Turkey. The paper concludes that the number of cases where the US provided arms to countries that practice human rights violations demonstrates that, regardless of what the US says in its policies, it still places the money made from arms sales higher than the lives of the people. The paper includes tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Case Studies
Arms Supplies to Oppressive Regimes
The Case of Bahrain
Indonesia
Turkey
Disarmament
Government Policy Versus Actions
From the Paper "One of the most famous instances of US human rights violations occurred in the 1980s under the Reagan administration. During this time, the Nicaraguan Sandinistas were considered to be a communist regime. In this scandal, the US helped to sell arms illegally to Iran to finance the Contras guerillas. The Contras were a ruthless group who instituted serious human rights violations against in their war against the Nicaraguan government . Nicaragua took the United States to court in the International Court of Justice."
Abstract This paper examines Ernest Hemingway's novel "A Farewell to Arms", based on Hemingway's memories of driving an ambulance during World War I. Many of Hemingway's novels are semi-autobiographical and the character of Frederic Henry is in fact modelled on himself and part of the story on his relationship with his wife. It shows that while this is a novel of memory, it is also a novel of self-discovery, structured to show the self-exploration and self-discovery of Frederic who's character changes from the beginning of the novel to the end. It analyzes how the title of the novel has a dual meaning, for by the end of the novel the Frederic Henry will have been tested by arms, meaning the tools of war and he will have been held by the arms of his wife. He says farewell to both, to the war as he deserts and to his wife because she dies.
From the Paper "It is, of course, through his relationship with Catherine that his ability to care is brought forth most clearly so that it becomes a part of his overt personality. Catherine, for her part, is drawn to Frederic precisely because he is not deceptive, whether that is because he does not care enough or not. Catherine "defines herself as someone living life as fully as she can" (Hays 62), and "her love and devotion convert Frederic Henry from a selfish, uncaring individual to one who loves, who shares, and who serves others" (Hays 62). The relationship mirrors the one Hemingway himself had with Agnes, as noted, and he uses the story in the novel as a metaphor for his reality."
Tags: frederic, henry, war, lieutenant, wife, family, death, memory, relationship
Abstract This paper discusses Hemingway's "A Farewell to Arms" and illustrates how the author broaches the brutality of war while juxtaposing it against the complexity of human emotions. The paper examines the tragic ending to "A Farewell to Arms" showing how it underscores the difficulty in finding meaning in life. The paper describes how Hemingway drives home the complex relationship between love and war and draws out their ironic similarities in his novel "A Farewell to Arms".
From the Paper "Hemingway broaches the brutality of war while juxtaposing it against the complexity of human emotions in his novel "A Farewell to Arms". Set in Europe during World War I, "A Farewell to Arms" is a classic American text that elucidates the role of women in the time of its publication as well as revealing the author's own feelings towards the roles of men and women in society. The narrator and protagonist is a man conflicted about his position in the army and his position as a lover. Frederic Henry dismisses the philosophical nature of war and heroism, downplaying the loftier causes of the Great War. Mirroring his conflict about warfare is his relationship with Catherine Barkley. Catherine initiates their affair in a playful and frivolous manner, but because a genuine love and trust develops between the two, Henry's character matures and his priorities are realized: romantic love usurps his desire to be a hero. Amid this background and setting of death and bloodshed, Hemingway introduces the theme of the fundamentally bleak nature of human existence, for in spite of their love, Henry and Catherine cannot find lasting happiness. The conflict between love and war and the universal struggle for meaning is played out against this backdrop. Frederick Henry's internal strife parallels the bloody fights that surround him, and through his role in the army and his role in his relationship with Catherine, the character proves the primacy of love."
Tags: frederick, henry, catherine, barkley, rinaldi, world, war, army, heroism
Abstract The paper looks at the origins of the coat of arms and describes the coat of arms used by nursing schools. The paper discusses the many qualities that make nursing distinct from any other form of work. The paper explains how a coat of arms is intended to capture these key qualities.
From the Paper "The profession of nursing is an outstanding one, primarily because nurses are dedicated to their patients and are involved in an ethic of care. The concept of the person is central to nursing as is healing. A coat of arms is intended to capture the key qualities or the essence of what the nursing profession means. The main qualities which depict nursing can be represented through the components of a coat of arms. A coat of arms refers to a design that can be used to depict a single individual or a group, and this can be achieved in diverse ways."
Abstract A comparison of American and Soviet arms control strategies during the Nixon administration, including SALT negotiations. The author looks at the motives and intentions of establishing arm control policies and the type of policies established.
From the Paper "In November, 1969, the United States and Soviet Union began the first major arms control talks in the history of the Cold War. As stated in class, both sides came to the talks with different goals in mind, and there were even differing motives on the American side itself. The United States approached the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the intention of establishing detente with the Soviet Union."
