Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth evaluation of the controversy surrounding altering sentencing laws for armed robbery.Today, various members of society are seeking to increase the sentence for the offense of armed robbery. According to the paper, this is viewed as a means of providing a stronger deterrence to this crime. The paper further states that longer sentences may send a message to offenders that this type of crime will not be tolerated by the public. Armed robbery is a serious offense because of the various factors that can be present during the process of the criminal act, which may lead to the loss of life due to the presence of a weapon.

From the Paper
"The public, as well as political entities, are currently seeking to increase the sentencing for the offense of armed robbery. This recommendation is viewed as a means of providing a stronger deterrence to the crime of armed robbery, as well as provides the possibility of sending a message to offenders that this type of crime will not be tolerated throughout society. Armed robbery is considered a serious offense because of the various factors that can be present during the process of the criminal act, to include loss of life due to the presence of a weapon. While there may be changes requested to the sentencing in relation to..."

Tags:armed, robbery, criminal

Abstract
This paper discusses the criteria for entering an armed intervention and how they might conflict with each other as well as discussing the criteria that the student would establish for entering an armed conflict if he/she were the President of the United States.

From the Paper
"The text describes three types of armed intervention-unilateral, multilateral via the U.N. Security Council and multilateral via a collective regional defense system. (Viotti Kauppi) Unilateral intervention takes place between just two parties with one state responding to an attack by another with a military intervention of its own. Multilateral intervention by the U.N. Security Council is an intervention that would be agreed on by the Council and multiple nations would be involved. Multilateral intervention via a collective regional defense system would be..."

Tags:war, armed intervention, criteria, President of the United States

Abstract
The paper discusses the terrorist group, Armed Islamic Group, and then discusses motivation for terrorists, causes of terrorism, and how to plan counterterrorist strategies.

From the Paper
"As facile as the phrase may be, one man's terrorist is often another man's freedom fighter. Katerina Dalacoura made precisely this point in discussing the various categories of putatively terrorist organizations operating in the world today. Some such groups are more legitimately called domestic insurgencies which operate with respect to a political or ideological agenda. This essay will present a case analysis of one terrorist group and answer a series of questions regarding the group's motivation, its tactics and..."

Tags:Armed Islamic Group, terrorism

Abstract
This research considers how armed conflict is shaped by a country's political stability, military expenditures and type of government. It theorizes that higher levels of political stability, smaller armed forces, and lower amounts of military expenditures will result in less armed conflict for a country. Also, a country's type of government (i.e. Democratic, Authoritarian, Socialist, etc.) will be of significant influence upon the amount of armed conflict that the country engages in. After analyzing the data for the 208 countries, the paper finds that there is in fact a strong negative relationship between the political stability of a country and its involvement in armed conflict. The more stable the political climate of a country, the less likely it is for that country to be involved in armed conflict, and the less stable the political climate of a country, the more likely it is for that country to be involved in armed conflict. With respect to a country's spending on its military, as well as the size of that military, the paper finds no significant relationship between these factors and a country's propensity to be involved in armed conflict. Furthermore, although the paper notes that communist and Islamic governments appear more prone to be engaged in armed conflict, it argues that this is merely a spurious relationship. It finds, instead, that a country's particular form of government has no real bearing on whether or not it will be involved in armed conflict. The paper includes several graphs and tables.

Paper Outline:
Abstract
Influencing Elements on Armed Conflict: Expectations from Previously Published Literature
General Methodology and Operationalization of Variables
Understanding Possible Causes Associated With Armed Conflict
Conclusion
Appendix: Graphs and Tables
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The second indicator which we examined in order to test a possible relationship between armed conflict and military buildup and spending concerns the total number of armed forces a country supports in thousands . Recoded to allow greater legibility within a cross-tabulation, while the data support a relationship between low armed conflict and a lower level of armed forces, the relationship does not continue to the high level. Table 6 reports that countries with less than 500,000 total armed forces in the 0-250 category have low or low-medium levels of armed conflict 60% of the time, while countries in the 250.1-500 category reach 66.7%."

Tags:governance, Charles, Boehmer, regime, rationalism

Abstract
This paper examines if the recommendation toward altering sentencing laws for the offense of armed robbery is valid. It explains that this recommendation is viewed as a means of providing a stronger deterrence to the crime of armed robbery, as well as providing the possibility of sending a message to offenders that this type of crime will not be tolerated throughout society. The writer notes that doubling the base sentence at this time would then set up a situation in which the final punishment is significantly greater than the crime. The writer believes that the intent to alter the basic sentence for armed robbery be halted at this time. The writer further suggests that changes in the basic sentencing for armed robbery may prove to be unconstitutional in relation to excessive sentencing, allowing the guilty to be released and the purpose of any type of legislation in regard to this issue to fail to meet its objectives.

From the Paper
"Armed robbery is considered a serious offense because of the various factors that can be present during the process of the criminal act, to include loss of life due to the presence of a weapon. While there may be changes requested to the sentencing in relation to certain crimes, the Federal Sentencing Guidelines provide the basis by which judges may impose sentence, and until recently this document has served as a mandatory issue in the sentencing in relation to all criminal acts."

Tags:offender, offence, weapon, judge, criminal, act

Abstract
This paper analyzes and addresses the conundrum many leaders face - what does one do when one is forced to consider an armed intervention? By way of history, the paper explains that, in 1945, the United Nations Charter collectively put together formulas based on the challenges they faced in the years before in regards to war, in hopes of moving towards a more peaceful society. The paper discusses many variables, such as the possible loss of life, that are involved in finding a solution to such a difficult situation. The paper opines that to initiate armed intervention or to seek out peaceful resolutions is not an easy choice to make, as war is inevitable and round-the-clock peace is not. Therefore, the paper concludes, leaders throughout time will always need to answer the loaded question of whether or not to move forward with armed intervention.

Outline:
Criteria and Examples
Conflict and Misinterpretations
Answering the Loaded Question
References

From the Paper
"In order to understand armed intervention, one must understand the criteria behind the logic that International Law set forth. The first criterion, which is unilaterally in self defense, refers to when an unsuspecting state is attacked by another state. In self defense, they have the power under this criterion to defend itself in armed intervention without breaking the code. The second criterion states armed intervention is okay multilaterally when authorized by the UN Security Council, typically through formal resolution. As previously mentioned, this is used to "maintain or restore international peace and security" (Kauppi & Viotti, p.183). During the first Gulf War, the United States was granted what is called a security resolution in order to after Iraq while in Kuwait. Another example of this is when NATO held a peacekeeping mission in Bosnia with the intent to halt what they thought was genocide (White, p.85). The last criterion mentioned is multilaterally by collective defense action. Simply stated, this is when two states work collectively and defensively together in order to resolve a common goal in one region."

Tags:war, conflict, aggressor, invasion, occupation

Abstract
This paper discusses the challenges that historically faced African- American troops in the American armed forces. It looks at the reasons why African Americans joined the army and the hurdles they faced before they could enlist. It then discusses the problems they encountered as Black soldiers and lastly analyzes the outcome of their fighting for the U.S. armed forces.

From the Paper
"The answer to this question is of course not uniform from soldier to soldier, any more than it would be for any other subset of soldiers defined by race. Some blacks have gone to war to escape poverty at home, some to leave families they no longer loved, some to prove themselves as full Americans, some because they believed fervently in the Constitution and felt that it was a piece of paper worth dying for. Some because they wanted to be heroes, some because they were foolish, some because they were brave, some because they wanted to live up to the dreams of their parents, some because they had something to prove to themselves. The decision to go to war is a complex one for any thoughtful person, and the nature of race relations in the United States has always made that decision even more complex for blacks than for whites."

Tags:Blacks, Negro, army, uniform, military

Abstract
This paper discusses how today's technology has altered the face of modern warfare and looks at some of the different types of technology that are used in warfare. The paper then focuses on geographical information systems (GIS) and their uses in the armed forces. It specifically discusses the advantages gained through military use of GIS systems.

Table of Contents:
The Technology
Military Operations Involving Troop Deployments and Movement
Legacy Weather
Legacy Mapping
GIS, GPS and the Law
Conclusion

From the Paper
"So long as the GIS satellite is not referred to as a "weapon system," say Intoccia and More, then DoD is not in violation of an international treaty or agreement. If, however, an allegation is made as a result of the communications coming from the shared system that is being used by DoD in the war in Afghanistan or Iraq, then there could be problems for the continued use of the shared system."
"The GIS technology is only now being explored as to its ultimate capacity as a military technology. There is still ongoing debate, as detailed in the 2003 GAO report, as to its uses and surrounding its shared satellite system. It is a technology that advances the awareness of military operations, and cannot be lost to international challenge. The military must take action to secure its use of the system in a way that will not jeopardize either the use of the technology, or see the United States being charged for violation of international laws."

Tags:warfare, DoD, legacy, GPS

Abstract
This paper examines the "don't ask, don't tell" policy enacted in 1994, which allowed more gays and lesbians to serve in the military. The author points out several cases of homosexuals serving in the armed forces.

From the Paper
"The issue of gays in the military has been a topic of significant debate in the United States for decades with many people opposing the inclusion of homosexuals."

Tags:gays, military, Homosexual

Abstract
This paper reviews the article "Airline pilots should be armed" by John Lott. In the article the author stipulates that regardless of the terrorist events of 9/11 the airline industry has proven to remain vulnerable to attacks. The paper discusses how pilots of the country have voiced their concerns amid evidence of the vulnerability of the airline industry, yet their concerns have been ignored.

From the Paper
" Lott (2005) contends that programs to allow pilots to carry firearms on the aircraft have been created in such a way that most pilots are prevented from protecting themselves. This is evident in the application procedures to carry firearms that have been produced by the federal government, according to Lott (2005). The application suggests that information may produce information that will lead to the pilots loosing their jobs, and this is a deterrent for most pilots. "

Tags:airline, pilot, guns