Abstract
This paper pertains to Speer's career, showing him as one of the most influential members of the Nazi party. It examines his rise to prominence with in the Nazi party and how he managed to achieve the aims he set his mind to. Subsequently this paper confronts, and covers Speer's effect on German armament, munitions and the total war effort.

From the Paper
"The nature of Speer's career altered through the changing nature of the German government and war effort. Speer rose from an unimportant architect through his competency to his more prominent work on Germania, while his efficiency in the completion of the new Reichstag building propelled Speer to logistical war work. Culminating from Speer's achievements in resettlement and war construction Speer was promoted to Armaments minister and then central controller of Germany's raw materials. Speer displayed remarkable competency within his work, and through his intelligence he became one of the most influential members of the Nazi party."

Tags:germany, gleischaltung, munitions, nazi, todt, volksgemeinschaft

Abstract
This paper discusses the history and development of the warfare of the Hoplites, the primary core of the Greek Infantry. It begins by discussing some general background about the Hoplites and their armaments and then describes their combat and tactics in warfare. The paper concludes by discussing their development and rise to power and then describes the factors contributing to their downfall.

Table of Contents:
The Hoplite and Armaments
Combat and Tactics
History : Development and Downfall
Conclusion

From the Paper
"At the height of the Hoplite Wars in the Eight Century B.C. several changes and development have evolved within the ranks and class of the hoplites. Greek Warfare was principally held on land battle with the development of the phalanx formation. It is a formation used by the hoplites to defend the ranks while in the line of attack. Initiating a rectangular formation, hoplites would lock their shield or Aspis while moving forward with the thrust sphere extended towards the enemy. The effectiveness of this formation was proven in Marathon with the victory of the Athenians over the Persians. In this period, the Persian War brought forth some changes with the usual armament of the hoplites. Having been instructed to pursue the archers of Persia in battle, innovations were made on the basic components of the panoplies of the hoplites. It adapted other lighter materials to make the armor and helmets. Their shields were reduced to a smaller size but are still capable of protecting the phalanx formation of the hoplites. The Persian War also brought forth augmentation of other military personnel in the army. Specifically, the Athenians commissioned peltasts, a type of light infantry in ancient Greek Warfare. They often function as skirmishers for the army, a small troop lined in for short lightning battles. Athenians also started to implore the services of additional cavalry in response to the tactics of the Persian Army."

Tags:Greek, infantry, armaments

Abstract
The paper discusses how American corporations sell armaments to countries and organizations in the Middle East. The paper relates that the countries that purchase these weapons are currently allies of the United States. The paper concludes by questioning the wisdom of selling weapons to nations that might one day be America's adversaries.

Outline:
What Countries are the U.S. Selling Arms To?
Who are the Largest Recipients of the Arms?
What Companies or Corporations Provide these Weapons?
How Public is this Knowledge?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to the British newspaper, the London Telegraph, the United States has initiated three 10-year multi-billion dollar deals with various counties in the Middle East in order to combat countries and organizations that are perceived as threats, such "Iran, Syria, and al-Qa'eda" (2007, par. 1). According to this article, "the Bush administration said it had agreed a 10-year, $13 billion (L6.4 billion) deal with Egypt and a $20 billion deal for Saudi Arabia" a deal which was announced only 24 hours after a $30 billion deal was made with Israel (London Telegraph, 2007, par. 1). The terms of these deals do not restrict these countries to arms purchases."

Tags:military, aid, Arab, allies

Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth examination of Switzerland, its government, people and international outlook. Several issues particular to Switzerland, such as its policy of neutrality, are closely considered. First, the paper describes the history of the nation and the ethnic mix of its people. Then, it discusses the government system, which is known as a federal system. The Swiss military and its armaments and policies as well as its relationship to the Swiss people is also discussed. This includes a look at recent reforms in the Swiss military system. Finally, the paper addresses the Swiss policy of neutrality. According to the paper, this policy has been a means of protecting Swiss independence and security. Additionally the paper cites that Switzerland uses neutrality as a foreign-policy tool to keep pace with world developments and get a better perspective of these developments. The paper concludes by showing how Switzerland interacts with the other neutral countries in Europe.


Outline:

The Swiss Republic and its Federal System
The Swiss Military
The Swiss Military and the Citizens
Reforms in the Swiss Military: to Promote Swiss Interests
The Concept and Law of Neutrality

From the Paper
" Switzerland is a neutralist federal republic, guided by its own constitution (Heatwole 2009). It was adopted in 1874 and, since then, was amended many times. Its political system combines direct and indirect democracy with the principle of federalism. Under this principle, sub-national units of government are given vast powers. Sovereign power belongs to the people. They elect representatives and create laws directly through referendums. Citizens, 18 years old and older, are eligible to vote. The federalist system empowers the cantons and half-cantons with the powers of government. These include the power to declare war and make peace; sign treaties and alliances; to train, recruit for, and direct the armed forces; and to regulate foreign commerce. Cantons and communes are empowered to impose taxes. The federal government also builds roads, railroads and communications, hydroelectric power, and regulates higher education and labor. The cantons can create a wide range of policies and enjoy a high level of autonomy (Heatwole). The Swiss Constitution was intended to balance the interests of the State as a whole with those of the individual cantons."

Tags:cantons, ethnic mix, neutrality, European Union

Abstract
This report traces Germany's re-armaments under Hitler and links them towards his expanded aggressive foreign policy. The writer shows how Hitler achieved his international victories, first by acting subtly and cleverly concealing his real motives and then his stepping up of illegal military buildup in a more open and brazen fashion. The author shows how the policies of Britain and France to appease Hitler helped him even as he became openly aggressive.

From the Paper
"This paper looks at the formation of German's rearmament while the country, under the Treaty of Versailles, was under military restrictions. Specifically this report examines issues of the relationship between Germany's increasing international aggression under Hitler and its relationship to the rearmament. At the end of the first World War, the Treaty of Versailles was signed to limit the size of Germany's navy and army and prohibit the country from developing an air force. Hitler viewed the treaty as an affront to Germany and was determined to not only ignore the treaty and rearm Germany in secret, but also to eventually show this open rearmament and pursue aggressive preemptive warfare against regions which the country had lost in the treaty. This report traces Germany's rearmaments under Hitler and links them towards this expanded aggressive foreign policy. Other factors must also be considered however in the light of these issues, such as the inability and sometimes even unwillingness of Britain and France to do anything about Germany's rearmament during the years of Nazi power in Germany. "

Tags:military, foreign, policy, weapons

Abstract
The paper reveals that several American corporations both develop and produce armaments for military use both at home and abroad. The paper relates that while not all of these products are sold to other countries, many of them are developed and manufactured for international sale. The paper shows how some of these arms, including military aircraft, weapons systems, and missiles, are sold to countries and organizations in the Middle East.

From the Paper
"A number of United States corporations manufacture weapons and other products that are used by the military both at home and abroad. These manufacturers sell their goods not only to the United States government, but they also sell them to other nations all over the world. Although much of the American public might not be aware of this practice, some of these weapons are sold to countries located in the Middle East. What countries are the U.S. selling arms to? Many Middle Eastern countries purchase weapons from the United States, from a variety of manufacturers. These countries include Egypt, Iraq,..."

Tags:weapons, military, uae

Abstract
This paper explains that the issue of security has become so crucial in the schools that security has priority above gaining knowledge; natural calamities, hostility, bereavement, abuse of armaments, mishaps, and threats of suicide are considered disasters that interfere with the schooling process and with the psychological development of children. The author points out that, first, in the process of counseling the victimized student, it is the duty of the worker to permit the fullest possible expression of emotions, giving no room for implications and assumptions. The paper relates that, because of an emerging trend towards occurrences of campus crisis, educators all over the country, as well as globally, are striving to organize School Crisis Response Teams and Critical Incident Crisis Intervention Teams.

From the Paper
"Differing orders of events with the victims takes place at the critical conditions depending upon the call of the situations and some times simultaneous occurrence of the several steps together is noticed. Most commonly, students are noticed to display the indications of tension like the adults in response to the psychological reactions to the loss suffered out of the disastrous event. Even though such tensions can not be totally evaded, however means exist for minimization of the magnitude of the influence of the crisis on the victimized students and teachers with providing assistance on adjusting to the changing circumstances. Varied indications occur with the advancement in the age and maturity of the child. Taking all these factors into consideration, emphasis should be made on the security and in pursuit of the wider objectives of the students."

Tags:teams, trend, critical, security, disasters

Abstract
The paper focuses on how the negotiations involving the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, the Strategic Arms Reduction treaties, and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, all affected U.S. nuclear armaments. In the end, even though American land based missile forces have been reduced due to these treaties, the threat of nuclear war remains. .

Abstract
This ten-page paper looks at the soviet unions response to the environmental issues of nuclear waste and armaments, coupled with the use of biological weapon burying such as anthrax spores. Also discussed is a comparison with the united States of America and areas of there waste productivity.

Abstract
The paper relates that one popular stance as to why a "Third World War" did not break out in Europe after 1945 stems largely from the U.S. and U.S.S.R. both building their nuclear arsenals during this period so that a war became a "zero-sum" game in which any gain for the U.S.S.R. was seen as a loss for the U.S., and vice-versa; therefore, the very existence of these deadly weapons, which could eradicate the entire world's population, prevented a major war. The author points out that John Meuller's "War is Futile" theory, which clearly states that there would have been an obsolescence of major war during the Cold War period with or without nuclear armaments, because, after the decimation and emotional turmoil of World War I, there was a gradual turning away from war and warlike activities; if not for Hitler, there would have been no World War II. The paper relates John Lewis Gaddis' "The Long Peace" theory in which he argues that bi-polarity is a system in and of itself and, by its very existence, can produce a kind of stability; alliances, such as NATO and the Warsaw Treaty, in a bipolar system, work as stabilizing elements, forcing the superpowers on both ends of the pole to take a more international stance.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The US, USSR and British Alliance; the 'Big 3', 1941-45
A Deterioration of Trust and Ending of the Alliance
The Cold War and the Absence of a Great War
Nuclear Weapons Theory
War is Futile Theory, Meuller
Systems Theory, Gaddis
Additional Thoughts
Conclusion

From the Paper
"After 1945, with the common threats eliminated, USSR, under the leadership of Stalin, inevitably began to assert power over Eastern Europe. Therefore, "a gradual process began in countries liberated by the Red Army, which eventually resulted in governments across Eastern Europe using police state methods and carrying out Soviet-style economic reforms." While it does not seem implausible that Stalin would attempt to reconstruct USSR's neighboring, decimated countries post-World War II, it is nevertheless around this time that the US and Britain began to see these moves as USSR's attempt to take unilateral action, thereby breaking the alliance and not holding fast to the agreements made at the Yalta Conference. The US, in particular, wondered just how far the USSR would go in spreading its communist ideology."

Tags:hitler, alliances, nuclear, wwi, yalta