Abstract This paper discusses the history and development of the warfare of the Hoplites, the primary core of the Greek Infantry. It begins by discussing some general background about the Hoplites and their armaments and then describes their combat and tactics in warfare. The paper concludes by discussing their development and rise to power and then describes the factors contributing to their downfall.
Table of Contents:
The Hoplite and Armaments Combat and Tactics
History : Development and Downfall
Conclusion
From the Paper "At the height of the Hoplite Wars in the Eight Century B.C. several changes and development have evolved within the ranks and class of the hoplites. Greek Warfare was principally held on land battle with the development of the phalanx formation. It is a formation used by the hoplites to defend the ranks while in the line of attack. Initiating a rectangular formation, hoplites would lock their shield or Aspis while moving forward with the thrust sphere extended towards the enemy. The effectiveness of this formation was proven in Marathon with the victory of the Athenians over the Persians. In this period, the Persian War brought forth some changes with the usual armament of the hoplites. Having been instructed to pursue the archers of Persia in battle, innovations were made on the basic components of the panoplies of the hoplites. It adapted other lighter materials to make the armor and helmets. Their shields were reduced to a smaller size but are still capable of protecting the phalanx formation of the hoplites. The Persian War also brought forth augmentation of other military personnel in the army. Specifically, the Athenians commissioned peltasts, a type of light infantry in ancient Greek Warfare. They often function as skirmishers for the army, a small troop lined in for short lightning battles. Athenians also started to implore the services of additional cavalry in response to the tactics of the Persian Army."
This paper is a personal book review of "Power Politics", a collection of non-fiction essays, by novelist Arundhati Roy that describes government corruption and corporate greed.
Abstract This paper reviews various essay topics such as nuclear armament and the economic repercussions of a river dam project in rural India but feels that "The Reincarnation of Rumpelstiltskin", is the heart of the book. The paper discusses Roy's dislike for American policy as she describes Rumpelstiltskin/America as having a ?bank account heart. The paper author feels that this book is well-argued and demonstrates that the lives of poor people are sacrificed to support the corporate interests of companies like Enron.
From the Paper "This complaint would be a major problem with this collection, were it not for Roy's sincerity. The last essay, On Citizens' Rights to Express Dissent, shows Roy practicing what she preached. She spent a night in jail in contempt of court because of her participation in an anti-dam demonstration outside India's Supreme Court. This essay, a reprint of her official reply to these accusations, shows Roy standing her ground. Its unexpected humor ? an attack on the accusers? understanding of democracy is followed by barbs about their spelling mistakes ? contrasts with the first chapter's earnest calls to activism, helping to dispel the image of the dour, frothing at the mouth activist."
Tags:armament, repercussions, rural, India, American, policy, people, lives, sacrificed, corporate
Abstract This paper pertains to Speer's career, showing him as one of the most influential members of the Nazi party. It examines his rise to prominance with in the Nazi party and how he managed to achieve the aims he set his mind to. Subsequently this paper confronts, and covers Speer's effect on German armament, munitions and the total war effort.
From the Paper "The nature of Speer's carreer altered through the changing nature of the German government and war effort. Speer rose from an unimportant architect through his competency to his more prominent work on Germania, while his efficiency in the completion of the new Reichstag building propelled Speer to logistical war work. Culminating from Speer's achievements in resettlement and war construction Speer was promoted to Armaments minister and then central controller of Germany's raw materials. Speer displayed remarkable competency within his work, and through his intelligence he became one of the most influential members of the Nazi party."
This paper discusses the evolution of U.S. land based missile forces in the context of Ronald Powaski's "Return to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1981-1999".
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 44.95
Abstract The paper focuses on how the negotiations involving the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, the Strategic Arms Reduction treaties, and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, all affected U.S. nuclear armaments. In the end, even though American land based missile forces have been reduced due to these treaties, the threat of nuclear war remains. .
Abstract This ten-page paper looks at the soviet unions response to the environmental issues of nuclear waste and armaments, coupled with the use of biological weapon burying such as anthrax spores. Also discussed is a comparison with the united States of America and areas of there waste productivity.
Abstract This paper explains in detail the hurdles experienced by the United States and Iran as they attempt to reach a relationship that might bring more stability in the Middle East. It begins by explaining the problems and then goes into further detail regarding the history of the two countries' relationship, the differences between them, and the arguments of both sides. Issues such as religious tolerance, nuclear armament, and internal politics are also discussed. The paper provides recommendations for the future relationship of these two countries.
Paper Outline
The Problem
Context
Argument
Recommendation
Conclusion
End Notes
Bibliography
From the Paper "The interest of America in Iran is tied up with Iraq and if both become armed with nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, then that would determine America's activity in the region. Regarding the access by America through the straits of Hormuz, it may be better to arrange an international agreement on the matter, as that will stop the Iranians from blocking up the passage. (49) In the past, the system of sanctions by America against trade with Iran was effective in the case of certain countries, but the situation is changing rapidly in the world regarding such restrictions. It will not be possible for America to dictate terms to other countries much longer. It may be better to try to build up links with Iran on the ground. For this purpose, it is important to recognize the value of Iran in a regional forum that can be built up. This would help Iran pursue its dreams in the field of politics, economy and strategic interaction. This would also permit interaction before Iran acquires nuclear power and becomes more of a threat. (50)"
Abstract This paper provides an overview and background of aramids, in general, and Kevlar, in particular, including its physical properties, its advantages and disadvantages, as well as anticipated future developments and trends in its production. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Advantages and Disadvantages
Future Developments and Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper "Background and Overview. Kevlar is an industrial textile that is most commonly known in the manufacture of bulletproof vests; however, it is also used in the manufacture of composites, and fiber optic and electromechanical cables (Seewald, 1991). Industrial textiles refer to the manufacture of such fabrics as asbestos, glass fibers, carbon fibers and Kevlar, which are produced for the automotive, aerospace sectors of industry (Martin, Penn & Scattergood, 1991). Following the success of nylons in such applications, aromatic nylons known as aramids were created through the condensation of a diamine and terephthalic acid (this is a carboxylic acid that contains a hexagonal benzene ring in its molecules). The close packing of the aromatic polymer chains resulted in a strong, tough, stiff, high-melting fiber that was suitable for use in radial tires, heat- or flame-resistant fabrics, bulletproof clothing, and fiber-reinforced composite materials. DuPont first began to produce Nomex (its trademark for poly-meta-phenylene isophthalamide) in 1961 and Kevlar (the trademarked name of poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide) in 1971 (Stevens & Kauffman, 2004)."
Abstract This paper explains that the issue of security has become so crucial in the schools that security has priority above gaining knowledge; natural calamities, hostility, bereavement, abuse of armaments, mishaps, and threats of suicide are considered disasters that interfere with the schooling process and with the psychological development of children. The author points out that, first, in the process of counseling the victimized student, it is the duty of the worker to permit the fullest possible expression of emotions, giving no room for implications and assumptions. The paper relates that, because of an emerging trend towards occurrences of campus crisis, educators all over the country, as well as globally, are striving to organize School Crisis Response Teams and Critical Incident Crisis Intervention Teams.
From the Paper "Differing orders of events with the victims takes place at the critical conditions depending upon the call of the situations and some times simultaneous occurrence of the several steps together is noticed. Most commonly, students are noticed to display the indications of tension like the adults in response to the psychological reactions to the loss suffered out of the disastrous event. Even though such tensions can not be totally evaded, however means exist for minimization of the magnitude of the influence of the crisis on the victimized students and teachers with providing assistance on adjusting to the changing circumstances. Varied indications occur with the advancement in the age and maturity of the child. Taking all these factors into consideration, emphasis should be made on the security and in pursuit of the wider objectives of the students."
This paper discuses three theories to explore the reason no wars broke out in Europe between 1945-1991, the period of the Cold War, despite turmoil going on elsewhere in the world.
Abstract The paper relates that one popular stance as to why a "Third World War" did not break out in Europe after 1945 stems largely from the U.S. and U.S.S.R. both building their nuclear arsenals during this period so that a war became a "zero-sum" game in which any gain for the U.S.S.R. was seen as a loss for the U.S., and vice-versa; therefore, the very existence of these deadly weapons, which could eradicate the entire world's population, prevented a major war. The author points out that John Meuller's "War is Futile" theory, which clearly states that there would have been an obsolescence of major war during the Cold War period with or without nuclear armaments, because, after the decimation and emotional turmoil of World War I, there was a gradual turning away from war and warlike activities; if not for Hitler, there would have been no World War II. The paper relates John Lewis Gaddis' "The Long Peace" theory in which he argues that bi-polarity is a system in and of itself and, by its very existence, can produce a kind of stability; alliances, such as NATO and the Warsaw Treaty, in a bipolar system, work as stabilizing elements, forcing the superpowers on both ends of the pole to take a more international stance.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The US, USSR and British Alliance; the 'Big 3', 1941-45
A Deterioration of Trust and Ending of the Alliance
The Cold War and the Absence of a Great War
Nuclear Weapons Theory
War is Futile Theory, Meuller
Systems Theory, Gaddis
Additional Thoughts
Conclusion
From the Paper "After 1945, with the common threats eliminated, USSR, under the leadership of Stalin, inevitably began to assert power over Eastern Europe. Therefore, "a gradual process began in countries liberated by the Red Army, which eventually resulted in governments across Eastern Europe using police state methods and carrying out Soviet-style economic reforms." While it does not seem implausible that Stalin would attempt to reconstruct USSR's neighboring, decimated countries post-World War II, it is nevertheless around this time that the US and Britain began to see these moves as USSR's attempt to take unilateral action, thereby breaking the alliance and not holding fast to the agreements made at the Yalta Conference. The US, in particular, wondered just how far the USSR would go in spreading its communist ideology."
This paper examines Germany's rearmament under Hitler after the Treaty of Versailles and relates this to the subsequent increased international aggression.
Abstract This report traces Germany's re-armaments under Hitler and links them towards his expanded aggressive foreign policy. The writer shows how Hitler achieved his international victories, first by acting subtly and cleverly concealing his real motives and then his stepping up of illegal military buildup in a more open and brazen fashion. The author shows how the policies of Britain and France to appease Hitler helped him even as he became openly aggressive.
From the Paper "This paper looks at the formation of German's rearmament while the country, under the Treaty of Versailles, was under military restrictions. Specifically this report examines issues of the relationship between Germany's increasing international aggression under Hitler and its relationship to the rearmament. At the end of the first World War, the Treaty of Versailles was signed to limit the size of Germany's navy and army and prohibit the country from developing an air force. Hitler viewed the treaty as an affront to Germany and was determined to not only ignore the treaty and rearm Germany in secret, but also to eventually show this open rearmament and pursue aggressive preemptive warfare against regions which the country had lost in the treaty. This report traces Germany's rearmaments under Hitler and links them towards this expanded aggressive foreign policy. Other factors must also be considered however in the light of these issues, such as the inability and sometimes even unwillingness of Britain and France to do anything about Germany's rearmament during the years of Nazi power in Germany. "
Abstract The paper discusses how American corporations sell armaments to countries and organizations in the Middle East. The paper relates that the countries that purchase these weapons are currently allies of the United States. The paper concludes by questioning the wisdom of selling weapons to nations that might one day be America's adversaries.
Outline:
What Countries are the U.S. Selling Arms To?
Who are the Largest Recipients of the Arms?
What Companies or Corporations Provide these Weapons?
How Public is this Knowledge?
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to the British newspaper, the London Telegraph, the United States has initiated three 10-year multi-billion dollar deals with various counties in the Middle East in order to combat countries and organizations that are perceived as threats, such "Iran, Syria, and al-Qa'eda" (2007, par. 1). According to this article, "the Bush administration said it had agreed a 10-year, $13 billion (L6.4 billion) deal with Egypt and a $20 billion deal for Saudi Arabia" a deal which was announced only 24 hours after a $30 billion deal was made with Israel (London Telegraph, 2007, par. 1). The terms of these deals do not restrict these countries to arms purchases."
Abstract This paper assesses the factors, events and personalities that brought about the monumental crises in international affairs of the Cuban missile crisis. It discusses the involvement of the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba and then looks at the factors that brought about the end of the crisis. The paper further describes the roles of US President John F. Kennedy and Soviet Union Premier Nikita Khrushchev and the issues of power politics and international relations, and their part in the resolutions.
From the Paper "In conclusion, the Cuban missile crisis stands alone as a pivotal point where the world looked nuclear war in the face. At no other point before or since as a nuclear exchange seemed so likely. The consequences of the crisis were substantial. For the first time a 'hotline' was established between Moscow and Washington so that senior leaders could talk directly to one another in times of crisis. Furthermore, the crisis over Cuba led to greater understanding between the two superpowers. Although the Cold War continued, 1963 saw the first bi lateral treaty on Nuclear Testing. This was followed over coming years by further international agreements to limit the expansion of both conventional and nuclear armaments; a climate of relative understanding that was to remain intact until the 1980s."
