Abstract
The paper focuses on how the negotiations involving the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, the Strategic Arms Reduction treaties, and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, all affected U.S. nuclear armaments. In the end, even though American land based missile forces have been reduced due to these treaties, the threat of nuclear war remains. .

Abstract
The end of the 19th century in the United States brought immense change: the exponential growth of industrialization and decline of farming; the influx of immigrants into the factories and second-generation integration into socio-economic arenas; the awakening of women as equal partners; a radical change in political outlook; the emphasis on social reform; the rise and fall of civil rights; the increasing impact of organized labor; and the interaction between international issues and domestic policies. In short, it was a time of total unrest, upheaval, and movement. This paper shows how, in less than 400 pages, Nell Irvin Painter captures the turmoil of moving from an agrarian society to an urban, industrial one, leaving the reader greatly impressed with the accomplishments of this age, but saddened as well with the negative consequences.

From the Paper
"However, difficulties arose when trying to pass legislation. Essentially, the farmers were a very heterogeneous group, from poor sharecroppers to well-to-do planters, whose ideas often conflicted. As a result, the Populists or people's party was formed to support such issues as government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, more land grants given to settlers, flexible currency based on silver, graduated income tax, postal savings banks, direct elections and an eight-hour day. "The corporation has been placed above the individual," stressed Populist presidential candidate General Weaver, "and an armed body of cruel mercenaries permitted in times of public peril to discharge police duties which clearly belong to the State" (Painter, 99)."

Tags:suffrage, colored, alliance, Wilson

Abstract
Michael S. Sherry is a professor of history at Northwestern University. His research and writing focuses on the role played by military force and strategy in American foreign policy. His book, "The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon" won the 1988 Bancroft Prize in American history.

Abstract
This paper explains that the roots of the belief in a glorious kingdom, which is part natural and part supernatural, are found in the hopes of the Jews for a temporal Messiah and in the Jewish apocalyptic. The author explains that, for thousands of years, legendary leaders such as King Solomon, the Egyptian pharaohs and Napoleon Bonaparte, have fought over Megiddo, called Armageddon in the New Testament, located in modern day Israel, and where the Bible says the end of the world will occur. The paper describes the grey goo scenario, first posed by Eric Drexler in his book on nanotechnology, "Engines of Creation", in which he describes how small nano-scale robots built to replicate themselves using any organic material, self-replicating nanobots, which eventually cover the world with grey sludge competing for the remainder of the planet's resources with microscopic earth munching robot swarms.

From the Paper
"The Christian faith is one such religion that is based on the day of judgement. There are dozens of references in the Old Testament and the New Testament of the Bible that concern the end of the world. It is called by many phrases such as the "Day of the Lord," "the Day of the Son," "The Last Day," "The Day of the Son of Man," or the "Second Coming". For Christians this means that Christ will return to gather the just and annihilate the evil, and to found a glorious kingdom on earth filled with the highest spiritual and material blessings. All the saints will participate in this event and Christ is said to reign for one thousand years."

Tags:pbs, messiah, nanotechnology, armageddon, apocalypse

Abstract
The paper relates that for most North Americans, the Cuban Missile Crisis is significant not only because it brought humanity closer to nuclear annihilation that at any other time in its history, but because it was, in some respects, one of the most impressive moments of John F. Kennedy's presidency. The paper points out that this should not be taken too far: bringing a nation to the brink of nuclear Armageddon is, after all, hardly something that should inspire apotheosis. The paper notes that be that as it may, many historians have seen Kennedy's success in getting the Soviets to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange only for a promise that the US would not invade Castro's stronghold as an instance of the President making the other guy "blink" first; in short, Kennedy got what he and those around him wanted while forcing the Soviets to back away from their conspicuous and obstreperous support of Cuba. The paper also notes that given the realpolitik of the early 1960s and the seemingly implacable hostility of the Cold War, that is often enough for people to credit the US president with a qualified triumph. However, the paper argues that what is often overlooked is that the Soviet leader of the time, Nikita Khrushchev, may ultimately have been at least as responsible as Kennedy for resolving the crisis before it grew into something apocalyptic. Specifically, he urged restraint on the part of his subordinates - subordinates who were probably much more dangerous and unpredictable than the ones Kennedy had to deal with - and he also acceded to deal that, certainly on the surface, was not as good for his public image as it was for Kennedy's. Lastly, the paper posits that contrary to the views of some, the United States was generally the aggressor during this period when it came to nuclear build-up (and when it came to trying to eliminate "unfriendly" foreign leaders) and Khrushchev's decision to arm Cuba, even if ill-considered, was certainly understandable. The paper concludes that Nikita Khrushchev deserves more credit from history than he has been given.

From the Paper
"For most North Americans, the Cuban Missile Crisis is significant not only because it brought humanity closer to nuclear annihilation that at any other time in its history, but because it was, in some respects, one of the most impressive moments of John F. Kennedy's presidency. Naturally, this should not be taken too far: bringing a nation to the brink of nuclear Armageddon is, after all, hardly something that should inspire apotheosis. Be that as it may, many historians have seen Kennedy's success in getting the Soviets to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange only for a promise that the US would not invade Castro's stronghold as an..."

Tags:cuban, missile, crisis

Abstract
The paper discusses the damage caused by global warming and argues that if programs developed to save the earth are not implemented on a daily basis by each person on earth, then saving our planet might just be an impossible dream. The paper then addresses the pandemic swine (H1N1) flu virus and how it reflects the urgent need for containment and eradication of the easily spreadable air-borne pathogens. The paper outlines several preventive measures that would contain the swine flu virus, and contends that prevention is vital before we fall into the point of no return that would result in our own Armageddon.

From the Paper
"The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified at category 5 the current pandemic swine (H1N1) flu virus, reflecting the urgent need for containment and eradication of the easily spreadable air-borne pathogens. As of May 2, 2009, CNN has reported there are 160 confirmed cases of swine flu across the United States of America and about 108 cases throughout the rest of the world.
"Although the swine flu (H1N1) strain's discovery in the 1930s has shown not so much an aggressive spread of the disease through the years worldwide, a flaccid approach to the prevention and eradication of any communicable pathogen could result into a catastrophe worldwide, as transmission methods are numerous and casual like mere sneezing, coughing, and usual human activities, like handshakes, kissing and talking with an infected or healthy pathogen carrier."

Tags:H1N1, flu, virus, pandemic, climate, change, earth

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the relationship between James I and the Puritans, focusing on the significance of foreign policy. The writer notes that the Puritan's view regarding foreign policy, although the Millenary Petition of 1603 acknowledged James's authority over all such matters, was stringently anti-Spanish. The writer maintains that in the eyes of the Puritans, Spain was something of a Catholic super-power and, along with the traditional hatred of the Spanish, they took the more extreme view that the Pope was the "Anti-Christ" and that all Catholics were irretrievably evil. The writer points out that when compared to James's tolerant attitude, this was potentially dangerous for both parties. The writer notes that before 1618, foreign policy did little to damage James's relationship with England's Puritans, who were largely conformist. The writer concludes that after 1618, however, with the increasingly serious negotiations with Spain over the match, the Puritans became far more concerned about James's tolerant attitude towards Catholicism and, in a Millenarian point of view, the potential danger of James failing to ensure a Protestant victory in the Battle of Armageddon.

From the Paper
"James's 1618 Book of Sports was, by going against extreme Puritan Sabbatarianism, a further attempt to separate the conformist Puritans from the non-conformist individuals, which added to his lengthy list of such efforts. These endeavours, whilst casual, did help James in recognising some extremists, but also helped to further alienate some - such alienated groups would have been particularly adverse to any foreign policy sympathetic to Catholic powers (and more prepared to resort to extreme measures), which was especially dangerous because most such Puritans were by no means poor: Puritanism required, to some extent, literacy, and literacy was largely restricted to richer members of society, who were therefore more likely to be MPs, or MPs' more important constituents (as part of the Gentry). Such Puritans were, fortunately for James, rare (partly owing to their emigration) and so they had little effect. Puritans in Parliament were conformists at least to the extent that they recognised parliament, and so had little effect on foreign policy - the reasons for anti-Spanish sentiment in Parliament were varied, but had little to do with extreme Puritanism. Until 1618, there was little reason for souring the relationship between James and the majority of Puritans (specifically) through domestic policy, finance, the constitution or other areas, as the dissatisfaction that could arise from these problems were not religious issues. After 1618, however, with the increasingly serious negotiations with Spain over the Match (now with Charles, since Henry, James's older son, had died), the Puritans became far more concerned about James's tolerant attitude towards Catholicism and, in a Millenarian point of view, the potential danger of James failing to ensure a Protestant Victory in the Battle of Armageddon."

Tags:Catholicism, Spain, Protestant, Elizabeth, neutral

Abstract
It discusses the possibility that there should have been a safer alternative to the threat of nuclear Armageddon. Points discussed include the Soviet's motivation for placing a missile site in Cuba in the first place and the lack of knowledge on our part that may have contributed to exacerbating the situation.

Abstract
This essay compares the conception of the term "terrorism" by Noam Chomsky in "Who are the Global Terrorists" and Michael Ignatieff in "Liberty and Armageddon". The paper argues that both have essentially different views on this subject and it discusses each of their views in detail, pointing out in which ways they differ most.

From the Paper
"Terrorism as Defined by Noam Chomsky and Michael Ignatieff Two positions on global terror could not be more different than those taken by Noam Chomsky in "Who are the Global Terrorists?" and Michael Ignatieff in "Liberty and Armageddon." In both articles, the respective authors deal with the topic of modern global terrorism. However, they display a markedly different understanding of the issue. Chomsky argues that the Western liberal democracies, lead by the United States and Israel, have been guilty for decades of countless cases of state sponsored terrorism and transgressions, while Michael Ignatieff completely ignores potential Western guilt while arguing for an increase in the effort of the war on terror."

Tags:chomsky, ignatieff, terrorism

Abstract
In this article, the writer first discusses the origins of the name of Satan. The writer then explains that one of the most widely debated aspects concerning the origin of Satan revolves around the question as to exactly what extent the power of evil is manifested in Satan. The writer maintains that perhaps the most powerful image of Satan in today's world is linked with the concept of Armageddon, a time in the distant future, or in the distant past, when Satan and his evil minions will gather together to battle God and Christ for the ultimate and supreme control over man and the universe. The writer concludes that Satan remains an elusive yet easily recognizable figure, due to the fact that this personage of evil and destruction has survived untold numbers of revisions for more than three thousand years and continues to pervade the minds and hearts of believers and non-believers alike.

From the Paper
"However, other theological scholars and students of ancient religions have devised another path toward associating evil with Satan via non-canonical Hebrew literature which supports the idea that not only is Satan a true adversary of God but is also the leader of the fallen angels, contained in such works as The Book of the Secrets of Enoch and several Islamic texts. Yet also Satan eventually evolves into the ultimate symbol of evil, the ancient Hebrews offered "no suggestion of any dualism, neither temporal, spatial or ethical," meaning that Satan was either pure evil or was not. Additional apocalyptic literature maintains this stance but it was only in later Judaism when Satan was viewed as being a dualistic figure. Tom Radcliffe points out that as the Jewish church became established and grew in prominence, many of its enemies were linked to Satan, such as heretics and the Syrians."

Tags:evil, God, devil, angel