Abstract
The paper discusses how the world would be different--or not--if the Spanish Armada had won. The paper offers a speculative analysis of how Spain would have implemented its occupation and policy throughout Britain and vis-a-vis the rest of Europe.

From the Paper
"Had the Spanish Armada won the battle with England in ..., Europe would have developed differently in cultural terms but ultimately, for reasons having to do with Spain's internal culture, the political configuration of Europe might have evolved in ways more or less similar to the way it in fact did develop. Why that is so can be seen in the complex geopolitical cultural and religious dynamics of late ...th-century Europe. Religion was the most hotly contested arena among Europe's nation-states and within them by the middle of..."

Tags:Spanish Armada, Inquisition, England, Spain, Elizabeth I, Philip II

Abstract
The paper reveals that it might seem illogical for Philip II to have launched the largest and most expensive naval force against England, an inferior monarchy. The paper explains that one motivation for launching the Armada against England was religion. The paper discusses how the Spanish knew they were no match for the English navy, yet the Spanish were considered the best soldiers in the world and so felt confident to challenge the English on ground. The paper illustrates the failure of the Spanish Armada and portrays how it destroyed both the image of the invincibility of the Spanish forces and Philip's reputation.

From the Paper
"According to author Neil Hanson, Philip II was a brilliant man at diplomacy, yet when it came to actually dispatching his Armada, he had no decisive plan. Moreover notes Hanson, it is a myth that the Spanish fleet outnumbered the English. Not only did the English have just as many ships as the Spanish, they were better ships and better armed (Conan). In fact, the British ships, guns, crew, and captains were probably somewhere between 20-30 years ahead of the Spanish, a fact not unbeknown to the Spanish (Conan). When asked by a Vatican representative about the chances of victory, one Spanish admiral remarked, "Well, the English have got better guns, better crews, better captain, better everything. So we're sailing in the confidant hope of a miracle," meaning the Spanish believed God would help them achieve victory (Conan)."

Tags:Philip, Queen, Elizabeth, navy, soldier, sailor

Abstract
This sixteen-page undergraduate paper examines and analyzes the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, especially in terms of tactics such as the English use of fire ships to gain the upper hand on the Spanish Galleons, and the inferiority of the Spanish Galleons compared to the smaller and faster English ships.

Abstract
This six-page undergraduate paper examines and analyzes the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, especially in terms of tactics such as the English use of fire ships to gain the upper hand on the Spanish Galleons, and the inferiority of the Spanish Galleons compared to the smaller and faster English ships.

From the Paper
"The English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 is undoubtedly the pivotal event in the annals of European naval history. It marked the transition from the era of ocean piracy and small-scale naval engagements to the era of full scale naval warfare that involved massive national fleets meeting head on in decisive engagements. There are volumes of historical accounts describing the events that occurred during the naval campaigns of 1588. The bulk of these historical accounts has of course been written and published by either English or Spanish historians. The historical account that will be reviewed in this paper is also the product of a British historian. The book that will be reviewed here is Garrett Mattingly's The Armada. Mattingly's approach to his topic is atypical: rather than attempting to confound his readers with numerous charts, graphs, and other ..."

From the Paper
"I have but the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think foul scorn that any Prince in Europe should dare to invade the orders of my realm.. --Queen Elizabeth I, 1533-1603


Egotistical, dominant, self-willed, and proud, but above all else, a woman, Queen Elizabeth I brought England to the seat of power and augured in a new age of English expansion, trade, and peace. It is not by her individual exploits, nor love affairs, nor fits of temper that give birth to the Elizabethan legend to this day. Rather, Elizabeth represented and continues to represent a period of English history marked by sheer force of her character internal fortitude, strength and prudence that..."

Abstract
En su famosa novela "Los de abajo", Mariano Azuela explora el tema de la revolucion mejicana. El autor examina el movimiento que comenzo en oposicion a Victoriano Huerta, quien habia dirigido a las fuerzas armadas, tambien llamadas fuerzas federales, con el fin de derrocar a Madero [National Institute of Historic Studies of the Mexican Revolution, 1986]. El autor tambien describe algunos de los sangrientos eventos que llevaron a una gran cantidad de campesinos a enrolarse en las filas de las tropas revolucionarias de manera espontanea. La obra es tambien una elegia al instinto de supervivencia de los rebeldes que se vieron involucrados en estos acontecimientos.

From the Paper
Los de abajo, Mariano Azuela IntroducciAfA3n.............1 Mariano Azuela...........1-2 Tema.....................2 Sobre la obra............2 Argumento................3-7 BibliografAfAa.............7-8 IntroducciAfA3n La novela "Los de abajo" fue escrita en 1915 cuando el autor, Mariano Azuela, se expatriAfA3 a la ciudad fronteriza de El Paso (Texas, USA). "Los

Tags:abajo, azuela, mexico

Abstract
This paper explains that Drake is best remembered for battling the Spanish and being the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. The author points out that Drake, called El Draque, meaning "the dragon", by the Spanish, is best known for his piracy of Spanish settlements and ships and his role in defeating the Spanish Armada. The paper describes Drake's adventure through the Strait of Magellan and into the Pacific Ocean to claim areas of North America, called Nova Albion, for Queen Elizabeth; the area included most of Washington, all of Oregon, and a sliver of California.

From the Paper
"Sir Francis Drake was Vice Admiral of the English fleet fighting the Spanish Armada. During the Battle of Gravelines, on July 29, 1588 the Armada was defeated by an English naval force under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, France. Prior to the battle, Drake is said to have been playing a game of bowls. On being warned of the approach of the Spanish fleet, Drake reportedly remarked that there was plenty of time to finish the game and still beat the Spaniards. The English later defeated the Spanish on August 4 off Dorset with a fleet under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake. The final battle between the English and the Spanish was off the coast of Flanders and resulted in Spanish retreat."

Tags:armada, spain, magellen, circumnavigate, piracy

Abstract
This paper explains that Spain came late to the industrial age; never truly recovering from the stinging 17th century loss of its legendary naval Armada at the hands of the British fleet and, by the 1830s, having lost virtually all its colonies, it became the quintessential "stagnant power," sinking slowly from first to second rate and languishing there for centuries. The author points out that, although a limited industrial infrastructure of roads, railways and manufacturing plants was in place, industrial development lagged far behind that of the United States, France, Germany and Great Britain. The paper relates that none of the dramatic changes from industrialization, which often have proven so disruptive elsewhere, has had much impact on Spain's social fabric because ninety-nine percent of the population remain staunchly Roman Catholic and family life is still deeply rooted and a bedrock of support in times of crisis, thus, Spain refuses to be overwhelmed by the so-called hustle-and-bustle of newly urbanized life.

Table of Contents
Industrialization Then
Industrialization Now

From the Paper
"Just like everything else seems to have become in the last twenty years or so, industrializing now would surely be much more difficult and complex than it was - even for Spain just four decades ago, though that wouldn't necessarily be a bad thing. For one, things are always more complicated in a democracy than a dictatorship, where one man can have (as Franco did) quick and final say over all exigencies. Assuming Franco's demise and the installation of a gently progressive regime like the one now in power, nowadays worker safety and, in Spain, worker wages and job security, would no doubt be studied and evaluated for any new manufacturing plant, highway or railroad to be built."

Tags:stagnant-power, infrastructure, roman-catholic, franco, environment

Abstract
This paper explains that the idea of a defensive navy, as today, was not the reason for creating a navy during the Renaissance; the English created a navy to plunder and to protect themselves from plundering, and defense was secondary. The author points out that probably one of the greatest and most well known English sea captains was Sir Francis Drake, who helped Elizabethan England fight off the advancing Spanish Armada in 1588, which sealed England's superiority on the seas. The paper relates that the actual Royal Navy really did not come about until the time of Charles V; before this time, the royals owned a few ships that were considered a navy, but there were no real rules or order to the ships or service on them.

From the Paper
"Before the fifteenth century, Great Britain was primarily occupied with issues at home, such as the Hundred Years' War and other civil issues. Exploration was left to other countries, such as Portugal and Spain. However, during the fifteenth century, all that changed, and England began to actively pursue exploration and discovery, especially in the Atlantic. By 1496, explorers such as John Cabot, an Italian living in Bristol, had obtained permission to begin exploring the globe, especially looking for spice trades to the west, which most people felt was the way to reach Asia and the Indies. In 1497, Cabot set sail, and within three months he was back in England, convinced he had found the eastern shore of Asia. Most people believe he actually found Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, or Labrador."

Tags:maneuverable, exploration, plunder, drake, superiority