Abstract This paper discusses how Philippe Ari?s? book, "L"Enfant et la Vie Familiale sous L"Ancien R?gime", or "Centuries of Childhood" in translation, which was published over four decades ago, is still regarded by many as the ultimate study in the development of childhood over the centuries. It looks at how although there have been numerous works published over these past forty years that contradict Ari?s? hypothesis and that contain very convincing and diverse data and statistics to back up their claims, the majority of the critics hold fast to the idea that the relationship between parent and child changed from cold and distant in the seventeenth century, to loving and affectionate by the end of the eighteenth. This paper dismisses that thesis and proposes that childhood was certainly a notion that was accepted before eighteenth century sensibilities and it was, in fact, only the idea of how children should be treated that truly changed.
From the Paper "Much of the evidence to support the idea that children were regarded at best indifferently, and at worst disdainfully, is found in the ideals of religion, and specifically in Christianity, of the times. A thirteenth-century hagiographical book entitled Golden Legend was very popular and influential into the seventeenth century, and throughout the tales the emphasis that the saints acted like adults even as small children was very pronounced. There were also popular biographies of actual children like Edward VI and Lady Jane Grey that portrayed them more adult-like than child-like even in their extreme youth, for they were grave, sage, and were masters in many disciplines by an extraordinarily young age."
Abstract This paper explores the history of childhood through the ages by analyzing the published works of Philippe Aries and Lloyd De Mause. The writer of this paper discusses how both historians took a progressive approach to history and concluded that the treatment of children by their parents and society has improved considerably throughout the centuries.
From the Paper "The history of child-parent relationships in particular has been long divided into two divergent conceptions. In the first, children and adults were supposed to have come together in the public sphere; a concept that was strongest in the middle ages, but continued to carry the majority along its way even into the beginning of the twentieth century. The second conception is the "modern" one of isolating children, as well as women, in a private, domestic sphere, a concept that became increasingly popular in the nineteenth century."
Abstract An essay which examines the internal conflict that paralyzes the female protagonist, Eveline, in the novel "Dubliners" by James Joyce, as she stands upon the event horizon of a new life, and a new set of possibilities. It shows that at this particular moment in her life, Eveline finds herself at a crossroads, considering whether or not she should leave her home and her abusive, alcoholic father in order to travel to a far away and exotic land to begin a new life, full of promise and hope.
From the Paper "In the end, these dramatic feelings and impulses were not suggestive of Eveline";s resolve to change her life, but instead, they were evidence of her desperate inward struggle to convince herself that she could be someone else. She was fighting for her life at that very moment, more passionately than she had ever fought before. But, as we have seen, she was struggling against the oppressive weight of her memories, her social responsibility, and her own self definition, all of which would work against her and work to sabotage any attempt she might make to seek happiness, a new life, and ultimately salvation."
Abstract This paper discusses one of the most popular and influential books of the 1900's, "Exodus" by Leon Uris. The paper outlines that even though the book is not necessarily written on a high literary level, it has achieved widespread success and appeals to many readers. The writer claims that this success is due to its clear, concise style of writing and its vivid and active imagery.
From the Paper "Exodus was written in the late 1950's and quickly gained international success, becoming the biggest bestseller in the United States since Gone with the Wind. Exodus is set in the 1930's and 1940's as the nation of Israel is coming into existence. The story focuses on an Israeli freedom fighter and an American nurse, and begins on the Island of Cyprus, an internment camp for Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. The Jewish people try to escape Cyprus, and Ari, the freedom fighter, and Kitty, the American nurse meet on the ship, the Exodus. The rest of the story follows their lives after they land in Israel."
Abstract An essay about the Bush administration's policies to promote the war in Iraq, including quotes from the president's speeches and press conferences with Ari Fletcher. The essay also sheds light on the similarities between Vietnam and Iraq from the point of "governmental deceiving" - citing documents as the Downing Street memo - and comments on the reaction to this policy.
Table of Contents
Introduction
From Stretching the Truth to White Lies
Unleashing Public Paranoia: WMD
"Late Edition" of Realizing the Inaccuracy of Substantial Information
Promoting "Anthropological Romanticism Today
Vietnam: (Do Not) Play it Again, (Uncle) Sam
Conclusion
From the Paper ""We will never back down, we will never give in, we will never accept anything less than complete victory." -said President George W. Bush in his speech on Iraq on Friday, November 11 that can be observed as the manifestation of a well-tried tactic to conjure up the spirit of "the free and the brave" .But why is there a need for such rousing performances? Why is there a need for such, in a way, far-fetched and idealistic goal? Why is there a need for any kind of justification by the Government at all? Is the answer related to the waning enthusiasm of the public towards the support of the war on Iraq and the forecast that the "Iraqi Intervention" is far from its end?"
Abstract This paper analyzes the sexual and marital lives of women in four major Latin American cities between the 17th and 19th centuries. By analyzing and comparing the experiences of women in Mexico City, Bahia, Buenos Aries and Lima, this paper shows that while there were certainly some differences in the intimate lives of the populations in these areas, there were more often vastly similar social norms and religious institutions which resulted in similar life experiences from one major city to another. Further, this paper discusses these differences and similarities in terms of their effects on the sexual and marital lives of the women in colonial Latin America.
From the Paper "Only women who were virgins when single, monogamous when married, and chaste when widowed were allowed legal discourse (Seed 1988). Sexual crimes such as concubinage, incest, bigamy, and abortion were often harshly punished when the offender were female (Seed 1988). Further, prostitution was illegal, as was adultery, and both were punishable by a loss of dowry and shares of community property, or imprisonment. In drastic cases, the husband was allowed to kill the woman (Seed 1988)."
