Abstract
This essay examines the controversy that followed Cyril through much of his career, when he was wrongly associated with the Christian heresy of Arianism. The paper also looks at St. Cyril's significant and enduring beliefs about the Rite of Christian Initiation.

From the Paper
"Cyril's eucharistic theology as expressed in these lectures was a significant theological and liturgical advance on that of earlier writers in large measure because he was one of the first to describe the Lord's presence in the terms of the later dogma of transubstantiation, describing the rite in explicitly sacrificial language. His emphasis on the importance of Communion was an important part of his entire philosophy which included the Rite of Christian Initiation of the relationship between the individual members of a congregation and the church as a whole."

Tags:Holy, City, pilgrimage, Maximus, Arians, Council, of, Nicaea, Arius, Athanasius, polytheism, redemption, Catecheses, Baptism, Eucharist, Communion

Abstract
This paper will use Athanasius' struggle against Arianism as a focusing lens through which to perceive the man and his work. It will be argued that Athanasius principled opposition to Arianism contributed to his reputation as a man of principle, willing to accept punishments such as exile in his loyalty to his faith. However, it will be demonstrated that Athanasius is not only significant as a role model and champion of orthodoxy for, related to both of the above is his achievement in establishing the principle of Church freedom from secular authority. From this perspective, it will be seen that Athanasius concerned himself not only with theological aspects of Christianity, but also with the practise of the faith. His writings in this regard achieved great popularity in later centuries, and were widely disseminated throughout the Christian world.

Abstract
This paper explains that scholars believe the atrocities, which took place in Nanking, were responsible for a variety of factors that originate deep within Japanese culture, very similar to the concepts within Nazi Germany's culture and their view of a perfect Arian race. Yet, the author relates that, for many reasons, including the U.S. guilt over dropping the atomic bomb, compared to Nazi Germany, Japan faced very little consequences for the horrendous war crimes committed during their occupation of China in World War II. The paper analyzes the rape of Nanking and other Japanese atrocities and compares the proceedings of the International Tribunal of the Far East with that of the Nuremburg Tribunal.

From the Paper
"Many internal Japanese historians have proposed the idea that the massacre is still too recent to devote historical study to the event. Still, many Japanese historians who do cover the Rape of Nanking tend to gloss over the significance and levels of atrocities which occurred on the behalf of the Japanese involved. Influential professors, such as Fujioka Nobukatsu of Tokyo University, have publicly stated that the real death tolls were far lower than the Chinese had initially told the international community. Yet, these opinions go without much international protests."

Tags:china forgotten, media coverage, sole responsibility, textbooks

Abstract
This paper examines Christianity in Egypt after the personal conversion by Saint Mark. It briefly discusses the Arian heresy and asceticism. Also, the spread of Coptic Christianity to Ethiopia is shown. A great portion of the paper explains the Christian role as a minority in Egypt.

From the Paper
"According to recent figures, Coptic Orthodox Christians comprise over thirteen percent of Egypt's population. This is significant particularly because Egypt currently has the largest population in Africa. Today, Coptic Christians comprise over fifty million followers, mostly in Africa. The largest concentration of these Christians is in Ethiopia, with smaller communities in Egypt and Eritrea. Most of the native Orthodox Christians in Egypt are centered in the southern portion of the country. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, when Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries went to East Africa to convert natives, they were surprised to see Ethiopia already being constituted of practicing Christians. "

Tags:Frumentius, St., Mark, Nasser, Alexandria, Addis, Ababa

Abstract
This paper examines "Feet in Chains", a novel that explores the restrictions of 19th century Welsh working class society. It looks at how the novel was written in 1934 and is about the lives of four generations of the Gruffydd family of Moel Arian, North Wales. It also explores how the novel is almost semi-autobiographical because it deals with the events that affected Roberts' life.

From the Paper
"Geini is another woman who is oppressed in her society, unlike Jane however it is not poverty that oppresses her but instead the fact that she has to look after her mother. She has been courting a man for many years but would never 'make a definite promise' (37) of marriage to him because she did not feel that she could leave her widowed mother. Her mother does not treat her well but she feels a loyalty owards her and stays with her until she can stand no more. It is also significant that Geini moves from a world of matriarchal dominance to patriarchal dominance as she gets married, therefore in a sense she does not break any chains. However in Geini's case, marriage is a relief because whereas she had to do everything for her mother, she and her husband now share the workload."

Tags:wales, working, class, geini

Abstract
This paper explains that the Emperor Constantine called the Council of Nicaea in the hopes that, by doing so a war between the different Christian factions could be averted. The paper explains that the Council brought together all the clergy at once so that they could work out a compromise amongst themselves regarding their religious beliefs. The paper further points out that the Council was not successful in averting the war as the differences between factions were to vast and that, on the contrary, the Council drove a wedge deeper into the two factions, leading to war and civil unrest until the death of Constantius and Emperor Julian ascended the throne.

From the Paper
"Controversies in the Christian Church concerning the mystery of the Trinity began in the second century. Previously, there was almost no mention of the word trinity in the scriptures or Christian writings. It did not come into use until the second century when theologians used new metaphysical methods in their attempts to explain the divine nature. The dispute centered around the trinity and whether Christ was God or man or an intermediate being. They also debated whether or not Christ was created."

Tags:christianity, converted, one, god, son, belief, cross, christ, sunday, rest, arianism

Abstract
This essay discusses the reasons why Rome and Byzantium are linked together despite their great differences. The author explains the involvement of the Catholic Church in Byzantium.

From the Paper
"This period was one of significant social and economic growth in Western Europe that was to some extent independent of the Crusades and to some extent caused by them. The religious and political effects of the Crusades on Europe can never be separated from each other. The Crusades tended to increase the power and prestige of Rome and the West while also making the West less parochial, so that by the end of the Crusades it might claim both Western power and Eastern knowledge, leaving Constantinople with little to call its own.
"The Crusades were one of the forces that increased contacts between Christian Western Europeans and both Muslims and Jews. Although it is a little difficult for us to believe this now, Jews actually were instrumental in helping the West to understand and appreciate Islam. Jewish thinkers often helped to transfer and explain the intellectual achievements of the Islamic world to Christendom, often creating a syncretistic blend of both Judaism and Islam. This introduction mostly as a result of the Crusades of Eastern philosophies into Europe was quickly seen as threatening and was met by a terrible backlash in the form of the Inquisition (created in 1231), which was a powerful religious institution designed to enforce religious and political unity. While at first it was turned against only Jews and Muslims along with those suspected of such heresies as witchcraft, in its later years it was also used to combat Protestantism."

Tags:liturgical, bureaucratic, muslims, jews, supressed, cultural, ficticious, split, Arianism, Europe, resolution, polytheism, Bishop, society, political, ambition, crusades, economic, power, Protestanism, inquisition