Abstract
The paper relates that John Searle developed his Chinese room argument in response to some of those who argue that strong artificial intelligence is possible. As will be shown, the Chinese room argument was a thought experiment that appeared to constitute a good argument against the possibility of strong artificial intelligence. The paper shows how it was a sufficiently good argument that many people have been provoked to present counter-arguments in an attempt to rebut Searle's argument. In the paper, the Systems Reply will be considered, as it is proposed that this is the strongest reply to date.

Tags:chinese, room, argument

Abstract
This paper analyzes the argument from design perspective which is considered appealing because it seems based on empirical evidence. According to the paper, it's not based on esoteric philosophical concepts or knowledge that can only be learned after decades of study. Rather, the argument from design cites evidence all around us. The paper states that everyone can understand this appeal of this justification for the existence of God. The paper concludes that the argument from design is a fundamentally flawed approach to the question of the existence of God.

From the Paper
"Finding a philosophical argument to demonstrate the existence of God is no small task. Philosophers, theologians, and more have been at it for thousands of years and yet there still hasn't been developed a rational approach that can prove that God exists--in any form. Recent attempts to repackage deistic faith in the form of science have led to the formulation of the intelligent design theory. It is, interestingly enough, a teleological argument that is constructed from a basic argument from design perspective. The purpose here is to examine this perspective and the finer points of the design argument. In the end, however, no matter..."

Tags:argument, from, design

Abstract
This paper describes a conversation about the "design argument" set out in "Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and the Natural History of Religion" by David Hume. One person has defended the design argument for God's existence, while another has been arguing that Philo's objections are decisive against it. There are actually three characters in this dialogue, Philo the skeptic, Cleanthes the theologian, and Demea, the one who believes revealed religion.

From the Paper
"Kim and Alex that are having a conversation about the "design argument" set out in Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and the Natural History of Religion by David Hume. Kim has defended the design argument for God's existence, while Alex has been arguing that Philo's objections are decisive against it. There are actually three characters in this dialogue, Philo the skeptic, Cleanthes the theologian, and Demea, the one who believes revealed religion. Philo can be considered the main character, since he does most of the talking, and his skepticism thus becomes the central element in the book and the most important argument, though the argument by Cleanthes is..."

Tags:hume, design, argument

Abstract
John Searle developed the Chinese Room Argument to rebut an argument for the existence of strong artificial intelligence (AI). In turn, other people proposed arguments to rebut Searle's Chinese Room Argument. In this essay the Systems Reply to the Chinese Room Argument will be discussed, as it poses the strongest challenge to Searle's argument. However, as will be shown, the Reply fails. Searle's Chinese Room Argument is very strong, and it cannot be easily rebutted. Certainly, it is not rebutted by even the Systems Reply.

From the Paper
Rebuttals to Searle's Chinese Room Argument John Searle developed the Chinese Room Argument to rebut an argument for the existence of strong artificial intelligence (AI). In turn, other people proposed arguments to rebut Searle's Chinese Room Argument. In this essay the Systems Reply to the Chinese Room Argument will be discussed, as it poses the strongest challenge to Searle's argument. However, as will be shown, the Reply fails. Searle's Chinese Room Argument is very strong, and it cannot be easily rebutted. Certainly, it is not rebutted by even the Systems Reply. Searle proposed the Chinese Room Argument as an argument against the

Tags:searle, chinese, room

Abstract
This essay critiques the design argument, as explained in both William Paley's "The Watch and the Watchmaker" and in David Hume's "A Critique of the Design Argument". This paper also explains the features of the design argument and evaluates the argument in order to critique it. The author follows Hume in suggesting that the design argument is ultimately a failure due to the massive egocentricity inherent in assuming that God can be understood through an analogy to the human mind.

From the Paper
"The reason I have been rather pedantic in deconstructing Paley's analogy is twofold. Firstly, we have the problem of Darwin's theory of evolution. That is to say, the theory that explains that the mechanism or process that makes things fit is intrinsic to the system of nature itself. If you wish, Darwin's theory of evolution is akin to showing that the watch really does produce the watch and is the only creator thereof. Whether Darwin believed that God made it so or not is irrelevant--the point is that God can be taken out of evolution and the underlying principle of nature shown to be merely survival, and the survival of those traits which help us survive. Naturally, this system creates something which looks like it has been designed--because we have adapted to our environments, not because we have been created alongside our environments as a system always already in perfect harmony. Again, I am not concerned to argue that this is so--but this is merely an instance of the observer coming upon the watch and having no knowledge of the manufacturing processes involved in the production of mechanical objects, assumes that this watch is something which just exists, with no thought or evidence of processes that were involved in making it, because his lack of understanding of the need for those processes means he doesn't recognize them. Paley's argument is that we know something has been designed, because we recognize that the process by which it is constructed is one that requires thought--by I am suggesting that, when it comes to nature, we cannot know what the process is that is required to construct it, and therefore we cannot arrive at any certain deduction as to its having been designed by the method Paley describes. In fact, as I have shown, the only theory that describes the process (of evolution and survival) that creates, or recreates, nature is one that does not need to rely on design--at least not in any sense which we can understand, which brings me to my second criticism of Paley's analogy."

Tags:God, human mind, religion, egocentricity theology

Abstract
This paper examines how in the book, "Phaedo", Plato argues that the human being is spiritual and offers a series of arguments that illustrate that human beings are not just material beings, but have a spiritual component in the form of an immortal soul. It looks at how one of the arguments in this work is known as the "recollection argument." The argument is described, then followed with a critical analysis that questions its validity. In conclusion, a new position on the argument is analyzed, which offers a suitable alternative to Plato's theory and illustrates that the "recollection argument" is not valid evidence that there is a soul that exists before birth.

From the Paper
"Another problem is that Plato does not provide evidence for the idea of recollection as a whole. For example, Plato says that recollection is recalling something that has been previously known. However, not everything an individual experiences is based on recollection. A person who sees a hat for the first time, may not recall anything based on viewing the hat. Instead, they acquire knowledge from the experience of seeing a hat. Therefore, experiencing something is a means of acquiring knowledge. The problem in Plato's argument is that he does not make a case for why developing values cannot be based on experience. For example, he asserts that individuals are born with a sense of 'absolute beauty' which is used to determine the level of beauty of a scene or an individual."

Tags:soul, birth, knowledge, human, beings

Abstract
This paper argues that Descartes' "Trademark Argument" can only be a sound argument if all the premises are true leading to a true conclusion; thereby, all the premises must be 100% true and there is no argument within an argument. The author points out that there is a problem in the first premise because Descartes says he has this idea of a perfect being but he doesn't mention anything else besides the fact that he has this idea of something perfect. The paper contends that Descartes' actually trying to prove that there is a God is just ridiculous because the author feels that God's existence is supposed to be based on a belief system; there are many religions held by many types of people in the world, and every religion seems to have their own God and own story behind how the world became into existence.

From the Paper
"The first thing Descartes said in his argument was, "I have an idea of a perfect being." Well his perfect being he is referring to is supposed to be God. Since Descartes' whole goal of this argument is to prove the existence of God, this was probably a good start to the argument. He kept it simple, and short without too many details. Once he had this idea, he probably might have been thinking how this idea came to him, which brings up the next premise in his argument."

Tags:premises, perfect, belief, cause, idea

Abstract
This essay will focus on a claim of value within the structure of Annette T. Rottenberg's style of argument with her book entitled "Elements of Argument". By analyzing a claim to value in an objective projected by a business, we can use these arguments to achieve a greater understanding of how a value can be projected onto an item and convincingly revealed. Value can be determined by the way that is presented in Toulmin' system of argumentation through the scope of a business writer like Rottenberg. The essay will cover her methods-via the Toulmin System- and seek to uncover a value claim within its perimeters.

Abstract
This paper first outlines Descartes? argument for the existence of God as set forth in Meditation V. The writer then addresses the two most prominent objections to this argument: First, Kant?s objection that Descartes' argument is valid but unsound because it contains a false premise, and second, Caterus? objection that the argument is invalid because the conclusion does not logically follow the premises.

From the Paper
"Having established that clear and distinct perceptions are true, Descartes then asserts that he has a clear and distinct perception of God. ?Clearly the idea of God, that is, the idea of a supremely perfect being, is one I discover to be no less within me than the idea of any figure or number.? (M., 368) Additionally, this perception of God includes the concept of existence. ?It is obvious to anyone who pays close attention that existence can no more be separated from God's essence than [a triangle] having three angles equal to two right angles, or that the idea of a valley can be separated from the idea of a mountain.? (M., 369) Descartes then combines this concept with his first premise to complete the argument. Since clear and distinct perceptions about the nature of a thing are true, and the idea of existence is inextricably linked with the idea of a God, Descartes concludes that a God must therefore exist."

Tags:Caterus, God, Kant, existence, perception

Abstract
The writer of this paper shows how Anselm (1033-1109), philosopher, theologian and church leader presented an argument for the existence of God that has been debated by philosophers and academicians for centuries. The paper shows that from the beginning, Anselm's argument has been met with criticism, appreciation and interest by philosophers such as Kant, Descartes and Spinoza. The writer is of the opinion that, after studying the argument, although interesting, it has certain basic flaws, which he attempts to bring out in this paper.

From the Paper
"While analyzing Anselm's argument and focusing on its weaknesses, the obvious question arises: Why has the argument fascinated so many philosophers over the years, if it was such a weak argument? The answer probably is that it is difficult to prove Anselm's argument wrong logically. Even Kant's argument that "existence is not a predicate" has been challenged by others who have argued that there are senses in which existence is a predicate. So the controversy of and fascination with Anselm's argument is far from over and is likely to continue."

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