Abstract
The paper shows how the architectural influence of the Coliseum and the Circus Maximus provides a detailed historical influence on the way that modern sporting arenas are constructed. The paper explains that the idea of a circular and highly accessible functionality for these buildings was essential, since they were housing many thousands of people. The paper further explains how the premise of squared buildings could not create the functional form that would be needed to provide the equidistant view of the center stage needed for such vast populations of spectators.

From the Paper
"This architectural study will analyze the influence of the Roman Coliseum or the Flavian Amphitheater on modern sports arenas and facilities. By understanding the circular pattern of seating in the tradition of the roman amphitheater, a wider population of viewers could watch a particular sporting event. The interior design of the Coliseum is an example of how to maximize seating potential, as well as how it brought about greater functionality for the gladiators or athletes brought forth to entertain the masses. In this manner, the ancient Coliseum brought many important architectural influences on the sports arena of modern times."

Tags:coliseum, sports, events

Abstract
The paper relates that the art in Italy during the 13th century was still under the strong influence of the Byzantine tradition. The paper explains that the artists were working in two dimensions thus neglecting all reality of three-dimensional space, and the figures lacked reality of expression and were treated in Bazin's words "like a playing card" (7). The paper discusses how within this heritage, Giotto di Bondone started his career creating an opus that would change the Italian as well as European art forever. Despite the fact that only a few works out of dozens are generally accepted as Giotto's, there seems to be little doubt among scholars that he initiated the revolution (Debres and Sandona 2).

From the Paper
"The art in Italy during the 13th century was still under the strong influence of the Byzantine tradition. The artists were working in two dimensions thus neglecting all reality of three-dimensional space. The figures lacked reality of expression and were treated in Bazin's words "like a playing card" (7). Within this heritage Giotto di Bondone started his career creating an opus that will change the Italian as well as European art forever. Despite the fact that only a few works out of dozens are generally accepted as Giotto's, there seems to be little doubt among scholars that he initiated the revolution (Debres and Sandona, 2)."

Tags:giotto, arena chapel, renaissance

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the papacy of Pope John Paul II, explaining that he was active in both the political and religious arenas. The paper contends that, although his papacy has taken a few hits due to the recent abuse issues within the church, on the whole it was a positive force for the social good. The paper points to the example of how Pope John Paul II supported solidarity, not just through his association with the labor union, but also through his actions to bring the Roman Catholic Church into solidarity through its parishes and through attempts at unity with other faiths.

From the Paper
"Most people in the Western world, whether Roman Catholic or not, are familiar with the name of the late Pope John Paul II. Pope John Paul II, or Karol Wojtyla, as he was known in secular life, was a charismatic figure at the head of arguably the most influential church in the late twentieth century. However, John Paul II was far more than "merely" a holy man. Over his lifetime, he was also a poet, a freedom fighter, and a political activist, as well as being a diplomat and a priest. For all that he did as a priest and as the pope, John Paul II never forgot the country from which he came. When Poland was suffering under the control of the Soviet Union, supported the actions of the Polish labor group, Solidarity."

Tags:pope, catholic, solidarity

Abstract
The paper reviews the article "Exploring the Nature of the Relationship between CSR and Competitiveness" by Villanova, Lozano and Arenas, and provides a synopsis of the content and a specification of the thesis' main point. Three supporting opinions/reasons for this thesis are outlined, as well as three opposing opinions/reasons. Finally, a summary and opinion of the thesis is presented.

Outline:
Introduction
Article Synopsis
Specification of Thesis's Main Point
Three Supporting Opinions/Reasons
Three Opposing Opinions/Reasons
Summary

From the Paper
"Villanova, Lozano and Arenas (2009) explore the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and organizational competitiveness. In the definition of CSR, the authors surmise that the concept centers on the role organizations should play in society. The five dimensions of CSR include: vision (the governance, ethical codes and practices a company adopts to promote CSR), community relations (the collaborations and partnerships to facilitate community action), workplace (the labor practices an organization employs), accountability (corporate transparency in its operations), and marketplace (CSR practices undertaken by the organization in relation to their core business activities). Although promoters of CSR practices encourage organizations to implement these facets into their organizational strategies, the question arises whether or not CSR benefits competitiveness."

Tags:accountability, community, relations, vision, reputation

Abstract
Discusses growth of bad bahaviors in spots arenas. Behavioral decline due to moral decay in society. Concept of fair play. Importance of fair play in physical education curriculum to instill positive character traits in students. Elements of fair play (honesty, respect). Impact of "must win" concept.

From the Paper
"APPLICATION OF FAIR PLAY GUIDELINES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Introduction
Over the past three decades, once abnormal and abhorred behaviours have become the norm in sports arenas ?- both on the field and in the stands ?- in many parts of the world. Some observers attribute the behavioural decline to the democratisation of sport wherein control over games passed to lower social orders (Butcher & Schneider, 1998), while others attribute behavioural deterioration in sports to moral decay in the broader society (Peiser, 1995).

An argument stemming from the first explanation is that reprehensible behaviour spreads from commercial athletes (it is the utmost foolishness to refer to such athletes as professionals) to young people in schools as school athletes ..."

Abstract
The following paper discusses why steroids have garnered a lot of media attention over the years. The writer looks at the true story behind these controversial substances, though the main focus of this paper is the sport's arena. It is of the writer's opinion that the world of sports will never be based on true competition until these supplements are eradicated for good.

From the Paper
"In today's society, there is undoubtedly a strong emphasis on physical fitness and athletic strength. The media-driven quest for the "perfect body" has caused everything from low self-esteem to anorexia nervosa to suicide in our society. For professional athletes, the demands for physical perfection are particularly intense, in large part due to the use and abuse of steroids."

Tags:abuse, athletes, competition, debate, drug, substance, field, play, competition, physical, perfection, abuse

Abstract
This research paper provides an overview and background of the issues, followed by a discussion of specific stadiums throughout the nation. An assessment of the legal issues involved in financing a major sports arena is followed by a summary of the research and an analysis of the future of sports arena financing in the conclusion.

Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Review and Discussion
III.Review and Discussion of Recent Examples
V. Summary and Conclusions

From the Paper
"We may not have the Circus Maximus, but Americans come close. Not only do sports enjoy a special status in the hearts of Americans, it turns out that sports franchises do too. New sports facilities costing at least $200 million each have been completed or are under way in Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Nashville, San Francisco, St. Louis, Seattle, Tampa, and Washington, D.C., and are in the planning stages in Boston, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, and Pittsburgh. Major stadium renovations have been undertaken in Jacksonville and Oakland. Industry experts estimate that more than $7 billion will be spent on new facilities for professional sports teams before 2006. Most of this $7 billion will come from public sources. The subsidy starts with the federal government, which allows state and local governments to issue tax-exempt bonds to help finance sports facilities. While major sports franchises across the country are reaping the benefits of taxpayer-financed arenas in which to compete, the debate continues about the appropriateness of providing such enormous amounts of resources for the reasons provided by the promoters."

Tags:affairs, ballpark, baseball, basketball, bonds, civic, football, professional, sports, taxes

Abstract
An analysis of the ritualistic, religious and practical uses of public space at the Athenian Acropolis and Trajan's Forum. Part II considers the movement of people through the space, especially in ritualistic contexts and how the Athenians related the religious functions of the Acropolis to its layout is examined. Part III outlines what political functions, if any, took place at the Acropolis. In Part IV, the various social, business, religious, and civic uses of the different spaces at Trajan's Forum and Markets, and how these uses related to the physical layout of space are reviewed.

From the Paper
"Acropolis is renowned as a fortified natural stronghold or citadel in ancient Greece. Greeks built their towns in plains near or around a rocky hill that could easily be fortified and defended. Nearly every Greek city had its acropolis, which provided a safe place of refuge for townspeople during times of turmoil or war. Rulers of the town often lived within the walls of this stronghold. In many cases the acropolis became the site of temples and public buildings and thus served as the town's religious center, focal point of its public life, and as a place of refuge."

Tags:historical, ancient, greek, life, civilized, public, arena, gods, ritual, religious

Abstract
This paper explores how franchise owners and politicians justify building stadiums at the public's expense and analyzes the merits of these justifications. The focus then turns to the peculiar economic structure of sports, and how it relates to public stadium subsidies. Lastly, this paper examines other means, both public and private, by which stadium construction can be funded and discusses the relative merits of each of these methods. For the purpose of placing this discussing within a concrete framework, the first section comprises a case study of the Gateway Project in Cleveland, Ohio, which built new homes for Major League Baseball?s "Indians" and the National Basketball Association?s "Cavaliers".

From the Paper
"Every major city in the United States is home to at least one, if not several, major sports franchises. These franchises are no doubt a great boon to their respective local economies in that they create jobs and increase tourism revenue. However, these benefits come at a cost, and the largest of these costs to cities is the construction of a new stadium. Some cities save on this cost by housing multiple teams (usually playing different sports) in the same facility, but in recent years team owners have become increasingly insistent on having an having a stadium exclusively for their team. Municipalities are then faced with the choice of shelling out hundreds of millions of dollars or having their local franchise move elsewhere."

Tags:arena, field, funding, government, gund, jacobs, team

Abstract
This paper looks at the issue of stereotyping of Native Americans in the entertainment world - mainly in Hollywood movies. It looks at how other minority group have also been treated - Hispanics and African Americans and compares these attitudes. It explains how dangerous these stereotypes are and how easily they enter the subconscious.

From the Paper
"Stereotypes once dominated the public's perception of the Native American. Deloria gives examples of the portrayals of Native Americans in Westerns, World II films, and documentaries. Native Americans were once depicted as strange, having little or no speech, or living in unending poverty. In order to dissect Deloria's arguments into its basic parts, the Toulmin method will be used to see how the arguments are justified. Toulmin described six elements to forming an argument: claims, grounds, warrants, backing, qualifiers and rebuttals, the sequence of which is artificial (Toulmin 25). Thus the first claim that Deloria makes is that "Movie Indians" had completely blocked out the idea of realistic Native Americans. Since Western movies were very popular, they dominated the public's perception of Native Americans. To support the claim, Deloria's ground is that the actors, Jay Silverheels and Ed Ames, portrayed unrealistic Native American characters. The warrant is that stereotypes do not portray real representations of minorities. Since "warrants are not self-validating," further supporting considerations (backings) are used (Toulmin 58). The backing of Deloria's warrant is that the motion pictures portrayed stereotypes of minorities. The rebuttal is that unless the minority groups fight to discontinue the stereotyping, the media's version predominates. Deloria presented the examples of two minority groups that fought against stereotyping which resulted in more realistic portrayals of their race. He writes that Italians suppressed the mobster images in The Untouchables, and Blacks were able to have more realistic images of themselves by actors such as Cosby and Poitier (Deloria 33). The qualifier indicates the strength of the claim. The qualifier for this claim is "completely." Realistic Native Americans "have been completely covered up by movie Indians" (Deloria 33).'

Tags:native, american, indian, minority, bias, prejudice, hollywood, movie