Abstract This research paper provides an overview and background of the issues, followed by a discussion of specific stadiums throughout the nation. An assessment of the legal issues involved in financing a major sports arena is followed by a summary of the research and an analysis of the future of sports arena financing in the conclusion.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Review and Discussion
III.Review and Discussion of Recent Examples
V. Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "We may not have the Circus Maximus, but Americans come close. Not only do sports enjoy a special status in the hearts of Americans, it turns out that sports franchises do too. New sports facilities costing at least $200 million each have been completed or are under way in Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Nashville, San Francisco, St. Louis, Seattle, Tampa, and Washington, D.C., and are in the planning stages in Boston, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, and Pittsburgh. Major stadium renovations have been undertaken in Jacksonville and Oakland. Industry experts estimate that more than $7 billion will be spent on new facilities for professional sports teams before 2006. Most of this $7 billion will come from public sources. The subsidy starts with the federal government, which allows state and local governments to issue tax-exempt bonds to help finance sports facilities. While major sports franchises across the country are reaping the benefits of taxpayer-financed arenas in which to compete, the debate continues about the appropriateness of providing such enormous amounts of resources for the reasons provided by the promoters."
Abstract The writer describes the University of Phoenix Stadium as the biggest and grandest adaptable sports arena in the world. The writer depicts the stadium's magnificence and artistic beauty, its significant features and the numerous events that have been held at the arena. The writer also provides reviews of this stadium.
Outline:
Introduction
Significant Features
Events
Reviews
Conclusion
From the Paper "The world witnessed the ceremonial groundbreaking for the University of Phoenix Stadium on April 12, 2003. The University of Phoenix Stadium is by far the biggest and grandest adaptable sports arena in the world. Glendale, Arizona serves as its home, right across the Jobing.com Arena which is the official residence of the NHL Phoenix Coyotes. The NFL Arizona Cardinals along with the Tostitos Fiesta Bowl are its principal leaseholders. The University of Phoenix which is a for-profit institution dedicated to the sphere of mature studies legally attained the naming privileges by September last year. Originally the stadium was called the "Cardinals Stadium"."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of some of the most important issues in the arena of international development and trade. Obviously, especially in the aftermath of Sept. 11, the balancing of the economic, political, social and cultural interests of all members of the international community is a complex and difficult task ? and may in the end prove not to be possible at all.
From the Paper "As last month's events have once again demonstrated, we are all linked together in a single world, one in which the idea of the modern nation-state itself is becoming increasingly less meaningful. Even as political alliances bind the world together, we found ourselves powerfully reminded of the way in which the world is a single entity in terms of its economic systems as stock markets rocked throughout the world after Sept. 11 and talk was of how a recession in the United States would have international implications ? even as U.S. markets themselves had been weakened in the past several years due to weakness in Asian markets. This economic interdependence is in part due to the importance of international trade. "
Abstract An analysis of the ritualistic, religious and practical uses of public space at the Athenian Acropolis and Trajan's Forum. Part II considers the movement of people through the space, especially in ritualistic contexts and how the Athenians related the religious functions of the Acropolis to its layout is examined. Part III outlines what political functions, if any, took place at the Acropolis. In Part IV, the various social, business, religious, and civic uses of the different spaces at Trajan's Forum and Markets, and how these uses related to the physical layout of space are reviewed.
From the Paper "Acropolis is renowned as a fortified natural stronghold or citadel in ancient Greece. Greeks built their towns in plains near or around a rocky hill that could easily be fortified and defended. Nearly every Greek city had its acropolis, which provided a safe place of refuge for townspeople during times of turmoil or war. Rulers of the town often lived within the walls of this stronghold. In many cases the acropolis became the site of temples and public buildings and thus served as the town's religious center, focal point of its public life, and as a place of refuge."
Abstract The following paper discusses why steroids have garnered a lot of media attention over the years. The writer looks at the true story behind these controversial substances, though the main focus of this paper is the sport's arena. It is of the writer's opinion that the world of sports will never be based on true competition until these supplements are eradicated for good.
From the Paper "In today's society, there is undoubtedly a strong emphasis on physical fitness and athletic strength. The media-driven quest for the "perfect body" has caused everything from low self-esteem to anorexia nervosa to suicide in our society. For professional athletes, the demands for physical perfection are particularly intense, in large part due to the use and abuse of steroids."
Abstract This paper explores how franchise owners and politicians justify building stadiums at the public's expense and analyzes the merits of these justifications. The focus then turns to the peculiar economic structure of sports, and how it relates to public stadium subsidies. Lastly, this paper examines other means, both public and private, by which stadium construction can be funded and discusses the relative merits of each of these methods. For the purpose of placing this discussing within a concrete framework, the first section comprises a case study of the Gateway Project in Cleveland, Ohio, which built new homes for Major League Baseball's "Indians" and the National Basketball Association's "Cavaliers".
From the Paper "Every major city in the United States is home to at least one, if not several, major sports franchises. These franchises are no doubt a great boon to their respective local economies in that they create jobs and increase tourism revenue. However, these benefits come at a cost, and the largest of these costs to cities is the construction of a new stadium. Some cities save on this cost by housing multiple teams (usually playing different sports) in the same facility, but in recent years team owners have become increasingly insistent on having an having a stadium exclusively for their team. Municipalities are then faced with the choice of shelling out hundreds of millions of dollars or having their local franchise move elsewhere."
Tags:arena, field, funding, government, gund, jacobs, team
Abstract Discusses growth of bad bahaviors in spots arenas. Behavioral decline due to moral decay in society. Concept of fair play. Importance of fair play in physical education curriculum to instill positive character traits in students. Elements of fair play (honesty, respect). Impact of "must win" concept.
From the Paper "APPLICATION OF FAIR PLAY GUIDELINES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Introduction
Over the past three decades, once abnormal and abhorred behaviours have become the norm in sports arenas ?- both on the field and in the stands ?- in many parts of the world. Some observers attribute the behavioural decline to the democratisation of sport wherein control over games passed to lower social orders (Butcher & Schneider, 1998), while others attribute behavioural deterioration in sports to moral decay in the broader society (Peiser, 1995).
An argument stemming from the first explanation is that reprehensible behaviour spreads from commercial athletes (it is the utmost foolishness to refer to such athletes as professionals) to young people in schools as school athletes ..."
Abstract This paper discusses how issues of ethics in business practices in the age of increasing computer technology and the importance of managing information have come to the forefront of organizational management issues. It looks at how, in a society that now creates much of its wealth, not from hardwood products, or services, but from the use of information, the integrity of that information is imperative to the ongoing well-being of the organization. It discusses how managing ethics in the workplace holds tremendous benefit for leaders and managers and benefits both the moral and the practical factors, and how how computer ethics are constructed by the individual, but also adopted by society and the individual's environment. It uses the example of the Concorde supersonic airliner to show how an entire area of ethical considerations exists outside the arena of technological and computer ethics, such as issues of the environment, the cost / benefit ratio of the supersonic travel, and the economics of Concorde's high fuel usage when compared to other forms of transportation.
From the Paper "The first areas shared by Concorde and the general field of computer technology are that of advancing expectations. The average desktop computer contains more computer power than the command module used on the Apollo 13 space mission. As computers evolve, and the prospect of AI is considered a possibility, ethical questions as to the expectations these advancements create begin to surface. Is it ethical for computer science to bring to the culture advancements which it is not ready to accept, or not fully equipped to manage? In light of the recent terrorist attacks, the issue of "face recognition" surveillance equipment has been considered. In a country which honors freedom and independence, the idea of a large databank of information being collected and accessed regarding my personal life every time I walk through an airport is on the Orwellian side of acceptable."
Abstract This paper presents arguments for and against the use of illegal substances by athletes in the sports arena. The writer takes the stand that the world is currently filled with enhancers of all sorts and that athletes should not be condemned for dragging this practice onto the sports field.
From the Paper "Although there are rules against illegal substance use in sports you cannot criticize the guilty athletes too harshly. They may not have made the right choice but everyone makes mistakes. Before you turn your nose up at a guilty athlete and tattoo him as a 'cheater' maybe you should think about the last time you colored your hair, whitened your teeth, or popped that stimulant your doctor prescribed you to help you focus. Yes, there are big differences, but the bottom line is you cannot condemn an athlete for using something to improve his performance on the field when we are guilty of the same off the field. Athletes should not be criticized so harshly for using artificial substances to improve their performance when other people are guilty of the same."
Abstract This paper explains that, with the death of Mao Zedong and the rise to power of Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China gradually returned to the arena of world trade and commerce; market-oriented reforms came into place, and economic decision-making was decentralized so that China's output has increased fourfold, even though the communists still rule China. The author points out that many Chinese have gone to the U.S. for higher studies in the field of technology and have returned to China, creating a future potential for greater facilitation of U.S.-China cooperation in the fields of science and technology. The paper relates that the Western world tends to communicate more explicitly, while the Chinese communicate more through implied meanings, or in a manner that the meaning has to be inferred; the Western world has a more overt manner of expression of honesty, being more transparent, while the Chinese are less transparent, tending to be subtle and nonverbal.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Political Environment
Financial Environment
Technological Environment
Ethical Considerations
Cultural Considerations
Business Customs
Conclusion
From the Paper "In spite of all the good intentions of the Chinese leadership to improve the English language skills in China, it would be better for any organization intent on doing serious business in China to have all their information material prepared in Chinese. This Chinese language material and the use of a Chinese speaker or interpreter will go a long way in creating an initial good impression and proving the seriousness of intent of the organization. It may be also useful to use local expertise especially when dealing with the bureaucracy and the legal system. Besides proving useful in these areas, it also conveys that the organization realizes the importance of relationships, which is a very integral part of the way Chinese prefer to do business. The reliability of the local agent or partner has to be scrutinized well before entering into any kind of arrangement. Another aspect is to ensure that there is sufficient motivation for the agent or partner to fulfill the obligations of the arrangement and that all provisions of the arrangement are in keeping with the laws of the land so that he can deliver the provisions of the arrangement."
Abstract Lufthansa has moved from a "regional monopolist" to become a major player in the international air services industry. The formation of the Star Alliance and Lufthansa's continuing acquisition of regional carriers has provided the impetus for Lufthansa to move into the global arena in a major way. This paper reviews the processes by which Lufthansa can now optimize its strategic global alliances and draws on comparison with other airline groups which have adopted similar strategies. An analysis of Lufthansa's organizational structure and its appropriateness for its new corporate structure is also provided, as well as recommendations as to how Lufthansa can continue its corporate growth to become a leader in the global air industry into the 21st century.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Analysis of Lufthansa's Structure
To What Extent Should Lufthansa Internationalize Its Costs?
What Management Development Procedures Might Lufthansa Need to Develop
How Can Lufthansa Maintain the Momentum Required to Become a Leading Global Airline into the 21st Century?
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Among the key benefit to customers of Star Alliance airlines are its "Rewards and Recognition" program. Any member of any Star Alliance frequent flyer program can accumulate and redeem mileage points on all scheduled flights operated by all alliance airlines. This additional incentive to international travelers has clearly paid off for Lufthansa. The Star Alliance also offers frequent flyer miles collected on paid qualifying Star Alliance flights count toward achieving "top-tier status" in the frequent flyer plan of the traveler's choice."
Critiques a paper about measures women can take to protect themselves from HIV once they reenter the sexual arena after long-term monogamous relationships.
Abstract This paper critiques a 2001 report entitled "Negotiation of HIV Preventive Behaviors in Divorced and Separated Women Reentering the Sexual Arena." The paper examines the justification of the methodology used in the report and the method used for recruiting subjects for the study. The paper contends that the conclusions drawn in the report may not be reliable.
From the Paper "The phenomenon being studied in the report "Negotiation of HIV Preventive Behaviors in Divorced and Separated Women Reentering the Sexual Arena" was clearly stated and delineated by the author. The author wanted to look at how women who had been in long-term monogamous relationships which had ended in separation or divorce, handled discussing preventive measures against HIV and STDs with men once they resumed sexual activity after the breakup of their monogamous relationship."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the papacy of Pope John Paul II, explaining that he was active in both the political and religious arenas. The paper contends that, although his papacy has taken a few hits due to the recent abuse issues within the church, on the whole it was a positive force for the social good. The paper points to the example of how Pope John Paul II supported solidarity, not just through his association with the labor union, but also through his actions to bring the Roman Catholic Church into solidarity through its parishes and through attempts at unity with other faiths.
From the Paper "Most people in the Western world, whether Roman Catholic or not, are familiar with the name of the late Pope John Paul II. Pope John Paul II, or Karol Wojtyla, as he was known in secular life, was a charismatic figure at the head of arguably the most influential church in the late twentieth century. However, John Paul II was far more than "merely" a holy man. Over his lifetime, he was also a poet, a freedom fighter, and a political activist, as well as being a diplomat and a priest. For all that he did as a priest and as the pope, John Paul II never forgot the country from which he came. When Poland was suffering under the control of the Soviet Union, supported the actions of the Polish labor group, Solidarity."
Abstract This paper discusses how the history of women in politics is filled with both struggle and victory. Women have had to overcome a general social view of them by both men and those of their own gender as weak and belonging in the kitchen rather than in the political arena. It looks at how women and especially those belonging to ethnic minority groups, have struggled to become involved in politics and change in their worlds by focusing on the political situations in Canada, the United States and Mexico.
From the Paper "The historical entry of women into politics in the past was mainly via non-institutional means. Institutional politics, especially during the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, was mainly controlled by men. Women therefore had to seek a more subtle entry into positions of power. Indeed, according to Alexandra Dobrowolsky, women even in recent times have been particularly strong in unconventional, non-institutional politics. In Canada particularly women are however underrepresented. Dobrowolsky however holds that women should do the same as their earlier counterparts: rather than directly fight existing systems, they should instead use their existing strength to enter the political arena in a more subtle way. "
Abstract With the technological advances of the last few decades the face of the workplace has changed significantly. It is important for students to be educated in the direction of being able to enter the 21st century workplace with a solid understanding of technology and need. This paper identifies what elements are important to the 21st century workplace and how students can be prepared to succeed in such an environment. The paper also discusses why it is important to do so and some of the aspects of that preparation from both the school arena and the workplace arena.
From the Paper "The technological boom over the last few decades has taken mankind to heights never before imagined. Today with the click of a mouse one can plan and purchase trip tickets, manage their stocks and chat with others around the world. The technological boom has significantly changed the work world as well.
Whereas things used to be manually logged onto ledgers and into memos, they are not collected on online data bases, and discussed through email. The preparation of the students for the workplace in the 21st century has become an importance focus point for school systems worldwide. "
