Abstract
This paper discusses how three Supreme Court cases in Canada address "grey areas" in the law, meaning areas in the law where there is some uncertainty whether the specific language of the law refers to an issue. This is called a grey area because the answer is not readily obvious, not black or white. The paper examines such grey areas by examining a case on abortion, a case on stopping motorists, and a case on commercial speech.

From the Paper
"The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, also known as the Constitution Act, 1982, provides certain protections for Canadian citizens and is used to clarify the law on certain issues. However, there are certain grey areas in the law that have to be decided by the Supreme Court, which may use the Charter of Rights and Freedoms for clarification. A grey area occurs when there is some uncertainty whether the specific language of the law refers to an issue, and this is called a grey area because the answer is not readily obvious, not black or white. Several cases illustrate this process."

Tags:supreme, court, cases

Abstract
The paper explores the functions of free trade areas and their effects on economic prosperity, civil liberties and the allocation of resources. The paper looks at several free trade areas, including the Central European Free Trade Area (CEFTA), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the U.S.-Australian Free Trade Agreement to examine the impact of free trade areas on the international trade activities and economies of member countries. Finally, the paper looks at proposed free trade agreements in the pipeline and the future of economic cooperation and integration.

Outline:
Introduction
Function of a Free Trade Area
Impact on International Trade of Member Countries
The U.S.-Australian Free Trade Agreement
The Future

From the Paper
"There are five fundamental groupings for regional economic integration, ranging from regional cooperation for development, which requires the least amount of integration, to the ultimate integration of political union. On one end of the spectrum lie the regional cooperation groups, such as the regional cooperation for development: the most basic economic integration and cooperation. A free trade area (FTA) can be called the second stage of economic integration as it requires more cooperation and integration the RCD. It is an agreement between two or more countries to reduce or eliminate customs duties and non-tariff trade barriers among partner countries while members maintain individual tariff schedules for external countries. Essentially, an FTA provides its members with a mass market without barriers to impede the flow of goods and services (Cateora & Graham, 2005)."

Tags:barriers, tariffs, exports, market, cooperation

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of child friendly spaces in urban areas. It suggests that children and other pedestrians are often not taken into account when planning urban areas. The paper argues that Commercial Drive in the Grandview Woodlands Park Area of Vancouver, BC should be "pedestrianized" and vehicular traffic should be diverted from the area. The paper briefly describes the benefits of such a move.

From the Paper
"I would argue that these youthful rebels are correct - the space occupied by vehicular traffic on Commercial Drive should be allocated to children, youth and other residents. The No. 20 bus could easily be diverted to run on Victoria Drive for the section of road between Venables and 1st Avenue - or possibly even as far as Broadway. This should make the entire area a true children's paradise, where children could wander safely, without fear of traffic. It would also reduce the pollution that currently sails into the park and the schools, polluting the lungs of children. And it would facilitate the interaction of younger and older residents in a stress-free environment. The street could be converted into a park-cum-public space. All in all, Commercial Drive should be pedestrianized to create a much-needed public space for all local residents, thus facilitating inter-generational contact, and making the area safer and healthier for children."

Tags:traffic, residents, pollution, public

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of teenage pregnancies in urban areas, identifying it as a major issue to both the teens involved and the community in which they live. The thesis states that teen pregnancy in urban areas is cyclical in nature, and describes the effects it can have on the community. The paper also provides an in-depth look at what has been done already by local, state, and federal government to address the issue.

From the Paper
"Inner-city life in the United States has long been plagued by various social ills that are detrimental to a city's growth, sustainability and success. Violent crime, theft, burglary and drug use are rampant in urban areas, at rates oftentimes well-exceeding the national average. These persistent factors, among others, contribute to the lack of a notion of community in large cities, and create an environment that is conducive to these types of behaviors. These more obvious aforementioned issues however, are strongly contested by local, state, and federal government statutes and programs, and are well recognized as significantly menacing to the social fabric of urban America. One prevalent issue that has been harmful to inner-city communities, but largely unresolved by legislation, is one of public health. Teenage pregnancy is a critical issue in urban areas. Highly cyclical in nature, teen pregnancy is caused by the unstable environment of and certain risk factors found in inner-cities. The effects of teenage pregnancy on the social culture, environment, and economic success of cities are crippling."

Tags:urban, teenage, childbearing, environment

Abstract
In this paper the author outlines the poverty, malnutrition, disease and lack of good agriculture that is abundant in the rural areas of India. He highlights villages where tragedy has occurred. The author proceeds to discuss suggestions of how to improve the plight of these despondent rural areas and gives examples of how to support non-agricultural labor through education programs in order to stimulate and maintain growth elsewhere in rural economies, reducing the reliance upon unreliable environmental conditions present in agriculture. The author also points out that critical both to agriculture and to quality of life in general, are such issues as irrigation, sanitation and medical attention, which he suggests can be addressed by aid organizations. The author suggests ways that these issues can be addressed through government bodies and other charity organizations. In conclusion he states that it is imperative to provide economic stimulus to the country as a whole through increased agricultural output and increased work-force strength both in terms of health and education.

Table of Contents:
Introduction and Model Exploration
Proposal Based on Model Systems

From the Paper
"As is apparent from the models provided in Zimbabwe, Malawi and the Bihar Plateau, support of agriculture is key to addressing both immediate and long-term nutritional needs as well as economic growth of rural areas. Because of the symbiosis present between poverty and under nutrition, short-term measures such as emergency food and water relief are not sufficient to address the problem of under nutrition on an ongoing basis, and chronic use places undue fiscal burden on aid organizations and the Indian government. A more far-sighted and ultimately successful method of resolution incorporates both top-down and bottom-up relief, integrating short-term, immediate relief efforts with long-term, delayed benefit policies."

Tags:chronic, nutrition, developing, countries, education, infrastructure, growth

Abstract
This paper addresses the issues and problems related to public health that tend to be exclusively found in urban areas and how several cities have implemented programs to address the health care needs of affected residents. It looks at how, since urban areas tend to have more people with lower incomes, the unique problems of public health that exist include a higher percentage of people without health insurance, lead paint and asbestos in homes, AIDS and HIV, tuberculosis, and mental health issues. Furthermore, this paper discusses how different cities, with the help of the states and federal government, implement programs that will improve their public health system. These government-funded programs are often the only access these people have to health care.

From the Paper
"There are numerous programs in Jersey City that are offered to assist people with mental health related problems. The most common services associated with mental health include, the Jersey City rape crisis center, bereavement groups, support groups for new parents and child abuse and domestic violence prevention services. These programs and services are offered by the Jersey Medical Center hospital and are available to people who need them. The goal of these mental health services is to help these people overcome the problems they are facing and to prevent these issues from getting worse by addressing it early on. The primary sources of funding for these programs are grants from the State of New Jersey and Federal government."

Tags:aids, clinics, immigration, lead, paint

Abstract
This paper outlines a brief proposal for a study into determining rural/small town areas where immigrants to Canada might be willing to re-locate. The paper provides some background material on immigration patterns, a statement of the topic/study area, a methodology, potential results and how they would be put to use, and a brief conclusion with recommendations for further study.

Tags:CANADIAN STUDIES AND ISSUES / IMMIGRATION ISSUES (LANGUAGE, GENDER, CULTURE, CLASS), immigration canada metropolitan

Abstract
Recreation and tourism are major industries which can permit otherwise impoverished regions to stay fiscally float and which can also satisfy the human need for leisure time and escape. This paper does not dispute the basic contentions of the preceding paragraph but it does argue that the concept of recreation and the concept of tourism are both items which are far more sophisticated than many of us might imagine. Specifically this paper examines the use and occasional exploitation of natural amenities in tourist areas and asserts that natural amenities serve basic human needs for control.

Tags:natural, amenities, tourism

Abstract
This paper examines the issue of land use zoning in urban areas. Briefly the economists' critique of property and land use zoning is identified and outlined. The quality of Bradley Karkkainen's critique "Zoning: A Reply to the Critics" is then assessed.

Abstract
This paper explains that the spectacular growth and development of the urban habitation over the past 16 years is just the beginning of a gigantic phase of extension. The author points out that China's ecological problems from the speedy urbanization and industrialization process in the recent decades generate social effects, causing a great deal of harm to human health, instigating economic and welfare suffering, and harming the environment in both urban and rural areas of China. The paper relates that, because of increasing industrialization and urbanization, the majority of the Indian cities have exceedingly compact habitation that results in overcrowding, clogging, obstruction, traffic jams, air pollution, noise pollution, as well as major deficiencies of vital requirements and necessities of life

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on China
Ecological Problems in Urban China
The Problem of Water and Cleanliness in Urban China
The Problem of Clearance of Waste-Water in Urban China
The Problem of Air Pollution in Urban China
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on India
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The velocity of urbanization and industrialization was extremely slow prior to the late 1970s when contrasted with other developing states. The proportion of urban inhabitants was 11.2 in 1950, and still barely 17.9 by 1978. This low degree of urbanization had been the consequence from purposeful procedures of restraining rural-urban immigration and urban increase. Economic restructurings have since accelerated the industrialization and urbanization procedures. Large numerals of towns, as well as, cities have surfaced, at the same time as old cities are quickly increasing their managerial spheres."

Tags:density, pollution, deficiency, development, environment