Abstract
This paper examines some suggestions for outdoor professionals on how to survive in extreme environments. It discusses the essential elements of water, shelter and food necessary for survival in the desert, in the arctic, in the tropics and at sea. The paper aims to offer strategies at locating and exploiting resources necessary for survival.

From the Paper
"The elements necessary for survival in extreme environments are much the same for survival in a conventional one. Without water, shelter and food death is imminent. However, one essential difference separates the two. In conventional environments the resources are plenty and quite accessible. In extreme environments resources are harder to find and are more difficult to exploit. Following are suggestions and strategies to survive in the desert, in the arctic, in the tropics and at sea. These suggestions primarily focus on the location..."

Tags:desert survival, arctic survival, tropics survival, survival at sea, outdoor professionals

Abstract
This extensive paper states that all aspects of Inuit life revolve around the survival of the group including marriage, kinships and gender role divisions. The author believes that the Inuit are highly connected with the changing of the seasons and are highly dependent upon one another. The paper states that the Inuit value respect and caring for others as an integral part of their culture because group cohesiveness and cooperation are necessary for survival. The author compares the Inuit culture with the more civilized culture of Judaism.

Table of Contents
General Description of Inuit
Food Restrictions and Symbolism
Kinship and Social Organization
Gender Roles in Inuit Society
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The eating of seal is done at a special feast called alupajaq. In this ceremony, the men gather around the seal and cut it up in a special way. The women are grouped together several feet away. The men carry on a conversation that can be heard by the women telling about hunting stories. The women talk about the seal and how nice it is to be blessed with plenty. The meat is passed from the men to the women. The women get the choicest parts of the seal."

Tags:customs, structure, climate, primitive, Arctic, marriage, kinships, gender, judaism, food

Abstract
The paper deals with the effects of global climate change in the Arctic and then addresses adaptations of the three levels that are the local, regional and international levels.

From the Paper
"Global climate change is one of the most important emerging environmental issues. Global climate change is going to have profound economic, political and social effects on every country and region in the world. For example, in "The Science of Climate Change" Andrew J. Weaver explains how global temperatures have risen .6 to .2C over the twentieth century. And that under the best possible circumstances the average global temperature will rise .5C over the next few centuries(Weaver 41). The effects of climate change will be different in different countries and..."

Tags:arctic, climate, change

Abstract
The paper defines the term, "sovereignty," and outlines how "liberalism" appears to best address the various controversies surrounding the battle over the arctic. At the same time, the paper looks at why "realism" does not quite work - at least to the same extent - when it comes to explicating the battle over the frozen (but resource-rich) North Pole. In particular, the paper notes that realism is all about unitary states acting arbitrarily in accordance with the power they possess, and are exclusively interested in advancing their own power projection and security.

From the Paper
"The following essay will define the term, "sovereignty," and outline how "liberalism" appears to best address the various controversies surrounding the battle over the arctic. At the same time, the paper will look at why "realism" does not quite work - at least to the same extent - when it comes to explicating the battle over the frozen (but resource-rich) North Pole. In particular, the paper notes that realism is all about unitary states acting arbitrarily in accordance with the power they possess, and are exclusively interested in advancing their own power projection and security; if one looks at the North Pole (particularly when one looks at...)"

Tags:arctic, sovereignty, russia

Abstract
Six-page essay that explores why Primo Levi chose to write "Survival in Auschwitz" using literary techniques instead of writing it as a strictly journalistic account.

Tags:survival, in, auschwitz

Abstract
The paper relates that Canadians refer to Arctic Canada as an inland waterway, an archipelago of islands separated by the Northwest Passage, which is claimed by Canada. However, the U.S. and European powers assert that the Northwest Passage is an international sea route. The author points out that, if Canada cannot control and supervise shipping, then there is the likelihood of great environmental damage and the inability of Canada to ascertain if dangerous vessels are traversing the passage. The paper explains that the Inuit, who occupy the area claimed by the U.S as international waters, back the assertion of Canadian sovereignty and the enlargement ot the federal military and civilian administration roles in the Arctic. The author concludes that Canada is committed to the idea that the internationalization of the Northwest Passage represents serious liabilities for Canadians in the region, the environment and geo-political factors.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Meaning of Canadian Arctic Sovereignty
The American Perspective
Security and Defense
An Arctic, not Canadian Arctic Shipping Route
Last Remarks

From the Paper
"Prime Minister Stephen Harper's approach has repeated the sentiment of Professor McCrae, in Arctic sovereignty as something that Canada must 'use' or lose. Canadians living in southern areas, critical of the much increased military spending of Harper's government, are generally of kinds to forget the vital everyday roles played by the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) with regard to the Arctic region. Part of this military investment involves a strong effort to build up the visible CAF presence in the high Arctic, while expanding Arctic capabilities in defense, communications, search and rescue, and civilian services."

Tags:strategic, oil, diamond, inuit, ice, military

Abstract
This paper describes the migratory patterns of the Arctic Tern and the Canadian Goose. The Canadian Goose is a wetlands-dwelling species inhabiting regions of arctic Canada, Alaska, Siberia and, more recently, continental Europe. The Arctic Tern migrates from nesting grounds in the Arctic south to the Antarctic and back. The paper also explores aspects of the life cycle of the Canadian Goose within five areas of habitat, and the remarkable migration pattern of the Arctic Tern.

From the Paper
"The Canada Geese forage in flocks and feed on plant material, seeds, berries and aquatic plants. They primarily inhabit wooded lakes and ponds, bays and marshes but have recently begun to adapt to urban sites such as golf courses and parks that offer a similar ecology. Since the geese exploit areas of low and tender vegetation, their migratory habits are largely influenced by the short summer season in their northernmost regions. In addition, the breeding period extends for more than two months, making the high-arctic breeding areas unsuitable. In addition, the geese rely on the accumulation of fat reserves during the winter season for their long migration flights."

Tags:bird, winter, south, japan, southern, united, states, central, mexico, northern, tundra, marshland

Abstract
This paper discusses the Arctic region in Canada and its sovereignty. It describes the many lucrative and economically viable opportunities that exist there. The paper then looks at the problem that exists in that the Arctic area is so vast and so fragile that not many expansions can take place without causing damage to the environment. The paper also discusses demographic problems in the area, but focuses on Canada's sovereignty issues there. In addition, the paper argues that Canada must assert a presence in the Arctic region to prevent damage to a very sensitive and valuable ecosystem. The paper concludes that the possible ramifications for Canada not asserting this presence could lead to poor sustainable development and possible disputes between circumpolar nations in the future.

From the Paper
"Military presence in the Arctic region is nothing unfamiliar, past and present. Events such as World War Two led to the construction of designated military bases, which brought about infrastructure to the Arctic region. An example of this infrastructure that was constructed in the Arctic is the Alaska Highway. This highway was completed in October of 1942 and stretches for two thousand four hundred and fifty kilometres (Grant, 1988). This huge undertaking was done mostly by the American government in secrecy. This was because Alaska was apart of the Northwest Staging Route that had aircraft travelling from the United States to the Soviet Union. It was seen as a "jumping off point" to aid the Allied troops in Europe. Many bridges needed to be built along the way and because it was war time there was a lack of man power as well as resources. So as a result, many bridges were disassembled in the southern parts of the United States and reassembled where they were needed along the Alaskan Highway route (Duerden, 2005). At this point in time, Canada would provide "right of ways", and waive import duties and taxes and allow the use of timber and gravel along the route. Canada would attain control of the highway in the Yukon, Alberta and British Columbia portions, six months after the war ended and it would become "an integral part of the Canadian highway system." (Grant, 1988) The negative impacts that the construction of these various airfields and roadways had on the ecosystems of the Arctic region was measurable. The ground that they were built on was permafrost, which is difficult to build on due to the heaving and uplifting that takes place when it freezes then thaws."

Tags:military infrastructure, Alaska highway

Abstract
This paper will examine misperceptions of the Arctic and Antarctic landscapes as cognitive constructs. These misperceptions will be analysed as constructs of two different cultures: European and Aboriginal. It will be argued that the Arctic and Antarctic landscapes have, over the centuries, functioned as a geographical equivalent of a psychological Rorschach test; vast white landscapes upon which we (or rather, white male explorers) have imposed readings that reveal more about ourselves than about the geographic realities of the spaces. In contrast to this, the views of peoples indigenous to the Arctic may be seen as a more valid perception of this forbidding environment.

Abstract
This paper discusses how in his stories "At The Rainbow's End", and "The White Silence", Jack London shows the awe-inspiring beauty of the frozen wilderness that he himself had so briefly visited. It looks at how he describes to us the vast, remote iciness that man dared to enter, and the disastrous results when nature proves in no uncertain terms that it will triumph over Man in his fight for survival.

From the Paper
"In his story "At The Rainbow's End", Jack continues relating his fascination with Nature and the lessons he learned in the frozen North. He tells a tale of Montana Kid, who had tired of Idaho and civilization and made a run for the new frontier. "True, the new territory was mostly barren; but its several hundred thousand square miles of frigidity at least gave breathing space to those who else would have suffocated at home" ("At The Rainbow's End"). Montana Kid was a hustler and gets into several scrapes after stealing from other men's camps. But he eventually ran out of luck, and misfortune became his companion. He spent time alone in the wilderness, and then he made a trip to Dawson and exchanged news of local events with the townsfolk. The discussion was mainly about how quickly men were lost in a multitude of disasters. "

Tags:arctic, cold, comparison, frozen, jack, klondike, london, man, nature, north, short, stories, versus, wilderness, yukon