Abstract
This paper describes the causes of the global warming phenomenon that have been a part of earth's geological history since the dawn of geological time. The paper also looks at the effects that global warming has on the earth and in particular its effects in the Arctic Circle.

From the Paper
"Climate change in general, and global warming in specific, are by no means new phenomena. Since the dawn of geological time, surface and atmospheric temperatures on Earth have fluctuated enormously. In some cases, worldwide climate change has led to actual shifts in land masses, leading to changes in the ways human beings and societies evolved. For example, global climate change caused the so-called Ice Age: "During the Quaternary period (the past million years) the ice cap has repeatedly spread to middle latitudes over the sea, with corresponding glaciation on the continents," (Gribbin Forecasts 73). The disappearance of the dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures may in fact be due to climatic changes. Global warming has also been intense in our geological history: between ice ages, it is possible that no portion of the earth was covered with glaciation whatsoever (Gribbin Forecasts 73). Moreover, such massive temperature and climate transformations probably did not occur as a result of human intervention, but rather were a result of complex environmental, meteorological, and astronomical influences. Climatic fluctuations are indeed natural and inevitable."

Tags:greenhouse, gases, industrialization, chemical, emissions, upper, atmosphere, radiation

Abstract
This paper describes the different steps in the process of global warming, describes its primary causes, and explains how the problem of global warming is exacerbated by the effects of global warming in the Arctic.

From the Paper
"Global warming is no myth. Since the Industrial Revolution, the earth's average surface temperature has risen about one degree Fahrenheit, "with accelerated warming during the past two decades," according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("Climate"). Most of the global warming that has occurred over the past several decades is a direct product of human activities: factory emissions and automobile emissions especially. The emissions from factories and automobiles create what are known as "greenhouse gases," mainly carbon dioxide. The earth actually has a natural "greenhouse effect," a layer of the earth's atmosphere that keeps surface temperatures warm enough for biological life as we know it. Without a natural greenhouse effect, Earth surface temperatures would be far lower than they are now. However, the overall rise in the Earth's surface temperatures since the Industrial Revolution has occurred far faster than it would have without human intervention. Accelerated global warming can have dire consequences for life on earth. For example, according to Kate Ravillous of New Scientist, the west coast of the United States could suffer a severe water shortage by 2050 due to global warming. Most of the culprits of global warming exist in the most heavily industrialized and populated parts of the world such as the United States and Eastern Europe. However, the geological and environmental factors that directly cause global warming occur in one of the most sparsely populated regions of the globe: the Arctic. Global warming begins with anthropogenic factors such as auto emissions, proceeds to rising Arctic surface and air temperatures, and becomes magnified by several positive feedback mechanisms. In fact, if left unchecked, global warming in the Arctic will account for most of the damage incurred by the phenomenon world wide because of the positive feedback mechanism."

Tags:unnatural, excessive, emissions, greenhouse, gases, anthropogenic, carbon, dioxide, methane

Abstract
This paper examines various aspects of global warming, with an emphasis on sea level rise. The paper describes the various theories explaining this phenomena. Various scholars and their work on this topic is cited as well. The article also includes special reference to models of future Arctic sea ice levels, which scientists are using to attempt to predict future scenarios for global warming and the melting of ice in the Polar Regions.

From the Paper
"Global warming is thought to be linked to sea level rise, due to various processes. For example, if glaciers melt, the sea level may rise. Alternatively, if ice shelves melt, glacier on land masses lose protection, and may surge towards the sea, causing rises in sea level as the terrestrial ice enters the sea. In fact, Thomas et al. suggest that as much as half of the rise in sea levels is caused by this last-mentioned factor. This essay examines the scientific investigation of these phenomena, with special reference to models of future Arctic sea ice..."

Tags:ice, global, warming

Abstract
This paper discusses the increase in global warming and the factors that are contributing to it. The paper discusses the different effects that global warming is having in different parts of the globe and how it is affecting the plants and animals of the various regions. The paper ends by specifically discussing the effects of global warming on polar bears and how it has led to polar bears being on the endangered species list.

From the Paper
"World Watch reports that the Arctic is now warming at nearly twice the rate of the rest of the globe (Mastny 2005). This warming is accelerating ice melt at the North Pole and presents serious implications for the region's wildlife and people, global sea levels, and overall planetary warming (Mastny 2005). The ice could disappear almost entirely over this century, "creating a feedback loop that accelerates overall planetary warming by replacing the ice with darker water surfaces that absorb the sun's heat" (Mastny 2005). Moreover, seals, seabirds, and other animals that depend on food found at the ice edge are also beginning to suffer from the changing Arctic climate (Mastny 2005). Changes in the ice cover in northern Canada have led to hunger and weight loss among the polar bear population, and scientists project that some regions could become uninhabitable for the bears within twenty years (Mastny 2005)."

Tags:polar, arctic, wildlife, atmospheric

Abstract
This paper explains that much of the current existing literature on global warming is based on the same preliminary studies, focuses on the same or similar elements and in general demonstrates considerable shortcomings in forming a comprehensive understanding of the overall problem of climate change.

From the Paper
"Global warming is a hot topic. Literature, publications, and opinion pieces on global warming appear almost daily in news sources and academic journals. The Internet is also replete with sources on the topic of global warming. Because global warming affects the Arctic at a far faster and more intense rate than it affects other parts of the globe, global warming in the arctic deserves far more media attention than it has received thus far. Nevertheless, many articles in trade publications can help researchers initiate a study of global warming in the arctic. Perhaps because the arctic is relatively uninhabited, the effects of global warming do not seem as severe there as they might in more populous regions of the globe. However, studies show that the Arctic exhibits the early warming signs of global warming before they reach the rest of the inhabited world. Based on a literature review conducted on the Internet, global warming in the Arctic deserves more attention and research."

Tags:arctic, globe, climate

Abstract
Peripheral to the concern and implications of the melting arctic regions is the concern about the wildlife supported by the region. The author of the paper focuses his study on the arctic fox. The writer attempts to build an understanding and image of this creature about which very little attention has been given in discussions on environmental concerns. This paper examines the role of the arctic fox in the environmental balance of the arctic region; because in the harsh environment of the arctic where it becomes very easy to forget about global warming and endangered habitats in sub zero temperatures, every life form, including the arctic fox, is but a component in the balance of nature and life in the region.

From the Paper
"Concerns about the lemming population as a vanishing food source upon which the arctic fox relies is probably less of an issue than what the access to the region will mean to the arctic fox as a species. With the changing weather, it can be expected that mankind will expand his own habitat into regions previously unpopulated in the arctic. A region where the harsh weather itself, the frozen tundra, the snow, are the roaming grounds of the arctic fox, it can be expected that we might see a decline in the numbers of artic fox as a result of man's presence over the environmental changes. The artic fox, described as a "hardy" animal, is no doubt, like foxes in other regions, able to sustain itself as a small predator and as a scavenger of bigger animals; but it probably cannot stave off the harm it faces by the presence of mankind in its environment."

Tags:wildlife arctic whales, polar bears, environment, global warming, endangered habitat winter snow blizzards ice nature extinct

Abstract
This nine page paper examines why global warming has become the primary threat facing polar bears. The writer looks at the Arctic polar bear population, which has been estimated to be approximately twenty-five thousand, of which about fifteen-thousand are in Canada, and has been impacted in a number of negative ways by climate change caused by air pollution. For example, the writer notes studies which have documented measurable effects in the body sizes and reproductive success of bears at Hudson's Bay and in other Arctic regions, and data that indicates that these changes are due to gradual climate change in the Arctic because of global warming.

From the Paper
"Based upon studies conducted over the last twenty years, many scientists have concluded that global warming has become the primary threat facing polar bears. The Arctic polar bear population, which has been estimated to be approximately twenty-five thousand, of which about fifteen-thousand are in Canada, has been impacted in a number of negative ways by climate change caused by air pollution. (Stirling 12) For example, studies have documented measurable effects in the body sizes and reproductive success of bears at Hudson's Bay and in other Arctic regions, and data indicates that these changes are due to gradual climate change in the Arctic because of global warming."

Tags:arctic, polar, bears

Abstract
This paper focuses on the North American tundra, explaining that there are two types of tundras: the alpine tundra and the arctic tundra. This paper deals solely with the arctic tundra, with emphasis on the North American tundra in Alaska and Canada. The paper describes the geography, climate, flora and fauna, natural resources, inhabitants, health issues and effects of global warming.

Tags:environment, ice, Alaska, global

Abstract
Paper discussing Canadian dispute with US and other powers on sovereignty over the Northwest Passage as claimed by others as an international seaway. Paper explains how geography and political strategy often combined in our day. Global warming makes shipping possible but Canada opposes this due to environmental and social risks, beyond the matter of being told that the Northwest Passage does not belong to Canada. Several points to do with what pollution means in the Arctic and how international 'seaway' could damage whole region; Aboriginal/Inuit privileges; risk management; future prognoses. Several references.

From the Paper
The Political Geography of the Northwest Passage. Introduction Canadians who live in the south of the Canada tend not to know of recent debates over Arctic sovereignty although they raise important political and environmental issues. Differences in the views of Ottawa and Washington are very large and entrenched, disagreements over the Northwest Passage very important due to recent climatic change, Aboriginal interests, new mineral and oil exploration and Canadian defense development. Donald McCrae, a professor of law at the University of Ottawa explained how Canada's Arctic territory has been a topic neglected by

Tags:nwp arctic, u.s. dispute, risks

Abstract
This paper focuses on tne international dispute regarding the Northwest Passage, explaining that Canadian Arctic sovereignty is disputed by the USA in particular, addressing the Northwest Passage which American and European interests discuss developing as an 'international' sea route to Asia. Global warming and reduced ice are cited as reasons to expect this shipping in the next century but Ottawa argues that this would damage Arctic ecology and must be supervised by Canada if it is to occur at all. Harper's approach has been one of stepping up Cdn Arctic sovereignty with a higher federal and military presence and communications and other investment.

From the Paper
"Issues of the Arctic and Canadian Arctic Sovereignty are rarely familiar to Canadians living in the south of the country. As this paper explains, they involve a number of almost timeless problems of importance due to ongoing disputes, climatic change, Aboriginal needs, mineral exploitation and matters of defense capability, as the last addressed in some detail, later on. A particularly important controversy rests in contrasting American understandings of Canadian Arctic sovereignty. Donald McCrae stressed ..."

Tags:shipping, Arctic, route, ownership