Abstract
Peripheral to the concern and implications of the melting arctic regions is the concern about the wildlife supported by the region. The author of the paper focuses his study on the arctic fox. The writer attempts to build an understanding and image of this creature about which very little attention has been given in discussions on environmental concerns. This paper examines the role of the arctic fox in the environmental balance of the arctic region; because in the harsh environment of the arctic where it becomes very easy to forget about global warming and endangered habitats in sub zero temperatures, every life form, including the arctic fox, is but a component in the balance of nature and life in the region.

From the Paper
"Concerns about the lemming population as a vanishing food source upon which the arctic fox relies is probably less of an issue than what the access to the region will mean to the arctic fox as a species. With the changing weather, it can be expected that mankind will expand his own habitat into regions previously unpopulated in the arctic. A region where the harsh weather itself, the frozen tundra, the snow, are the roaming grounds of the arctic fox, it can be expected that we might see a decline in the numbers of artic fox as a result of man's presence over the environmental changes. The artic fox, described as a "hardy" animal, is no doubt, like foxes in other regions, able to sustain itself as a small predator and as a scavenger of bigger animals; but it probably cannot stave off the harm it faces by the presence of mankind in its environment."

Tags:wildlife arctic whales, polar bears, environment, global warming, endangered habitat winter snow blizzards ice nature extinct

Abstract
This nine page paper examines why global warming has become the primary threat facing polar bears. The writer looks at the Arctic polar bear population, which has been estimated to be approximately twenty-five thousand, of which about fifteen-thousand are in Canada, and has been impacted in a number of negative ways by climate change caused by air pollution. For example, the writer notes studies which have documented measurable effects in the body sizes and reproductive success of bears at Hudson's Bay and in other Arctic regions, and data that indicates that these changes are due to gradual climate change in the Arctic because of global warming.

From the Paper
"Based upon studies conducted over the last twenty years, many scientists have concluded that global warming has become the primary threat facing polar bears. The Arctic polar bear population, which has been estimated to be approximately twenty-five thousand, of which about fifteen-thousand are in Canada, has been impacted in a number of negative ways by climate change caused by air pollution. (Stirling 12) For example, studies have documented measurable effects in the body sizes and reproductive success of bears at Hudson's Bay and in other Arctic regions, and data indicates that these changes are due to gradual climate change in the Arctic because of global warming."

Tags:arctic, polar, bears

Abstract
This paper defines the Arctic in terms of geography and culture. The author performs a SWOT analysis to examine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of increased Arctic travel and tourism. The paper concludes that increased environmental government regulation is needed to maintain sustainable development.

From the Paper
"Despite the harsh climate and isolation, it seems as though more and more people are traveling north to the Arctic as an alternative to the traditional ski trip and a beach vacation. According to some Arctic experts, travelers have made their way to the Arctic by ships for some time now. Ship based tourism has mostly been small scale; however, the cruise business world has recently experienced an increase in growth particularly with regard to the size and number of vessels destined for the Arctic."

Tags:arctic, tourism, sustainable

Abstract
The paper defines the term, "sovereignty," and outlines how "liberalism" appears to best address the various controversies surrounding the battle over the arctic. At the same time, the paper looks at why "realism" does not quite work - at least to the same extent - when it comes to explicating the battle over the frozen (but resource-rich) North Pole. In particular, the paper notes that realism is all about unitary states acting arbitrarily in accordance with the power they possess, and are exclusively interested in advancing their own power projection and security.

From the Paper
"The following essay will define the term, "sovereignty," and outline how "liberalism" appears to best address the various controversies surrounding the battle over the arctic. At the same time, the paper will look at why "realism" does not quite work - at least to the same extent - when it comes to explicating the battle over the frozen (but resource-rich) North Pole. In particular, the paper notes that realism is all about unitary states acting arbitrarily in accordance with the power they possess, and are exclusively interested in advancing their own power projection and security; if one looks at the North Pole (particularly when one looks at...)"

Tags:arctic, sovereignty, russia

Abstract
The paper deals with the effects of global climate change in the Arctic and then addresses adaptations of the three levels that are the local, regional and international levels.

From the Paper
"Global climate change is one of the most important emerging environmental issues. Global climate change is going to have profound economic, political and social effects on every country and region in the world. For example, in "The Science of Climate Change" Andrew J. Weaver explains how global temperatures have risen .6 to .2C over the twentieth century. And that under the best possible circumstances the average global temperature will rise .5C over the next few centuries(Weaver 41). The effects of climate change will be different in different countries and..."

Tags:arctic, climate, change

Abstract
The paper relates that Canadians refer to Arctic Canada as an inland waterway, an archipelago of islands separated by the Northwest Passage, which is claimed by Canada. However, the U.S. and European powers assert that the Northwest Passage is an international sea route. The author points out that, if Canada cannot control and supervise shipping, then there is the likelihood of great environmental damage and the inability of Canada to ascertain if dangerous vessels are traversing the passage. The paper explains that the Inuit, who occupy the area claimed by the U.S as international waters, back the assertion of Canadian sovereignty and the enlargement ot the federal military and civilian administration roles in the Arctic. The author concludes that Canada is committed to the idea that the internationalization of the Northwest Passage represents serious liabilities for Canadians in the region, the environment and geo-political factors.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Meaning of Canadian Arctic Sovereignty
The American Perspective
Security and Defense
An Arctic, not Canadian Arctic Shipping Route
Last Remarks

From the Paper
"Prime Minister Stephen Harper's approach has repeated the sentiment of Professor McCrae, in Arctic sovereignty as something that Canada must 'use' or lose. Canadians living in southern areas, critical of the much increased military spending of Harper's government, are generally of kinds to forget the vital everyday roles played by the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) with regard to the Arctic region. Part of this military investment involves a strong effort to build up the visible CAF presence in the high Arctic, while expanding Arctic capabilities in defense, communications, search and rescue, and civilian services."

Tags:strategic, oil, diamond, inuit, ice, military

Abstract
This paper describes the migratory patterns of the Arctic Tern and the Canadian Goose. The Canadian Goose is a wetlands-dwelling species inhabiting regions of arctic Canada, Alaska, Siberia and, more recently, continental Europe. The Arctic Tern migrates from nesting grounds in the Arctic south to the Antarctic and back. The paper also explores aspects of the life cycle of the Canadian Goose within five areas of habitat, and the remarkable migration pattern of the Arctic Tern.

From the Paper
"The Canada Geese forage in flocks and feed on plant material, seeds, berries and aquatic plants. They primarily inhabit wooded lakes and ponds, bays and marshes but have recently begun to adapt to urban sites such as golf courses and parks that offer a similar ecology. Since the geese exploit areas of low and tender vegetation, their migratory habits are largely influenced by the short summer season in their northernmost regions. In addition, the breeding period extends for more than two months, making the high-arctic breeding areas unsuitable. In addition, the geese rely on the accumulation of fat reserves during the winter season for their long migration flights."

Tags:bird, winter, south, japan, southern, united, states, central, mexico, northern, tundra, marshland

Abstract
The paper relates that the contaminants which are of concern in the Arctic are based on their chemical properties, transport, uptake, and persistence in the environment. The paper explains that such chemical properties include high volatility, and ability to adhere to particles both within the gaseous or liquid form, which allows the chemical to disperse readily from its source and travel easily its destination. The paper discusses how the Arctic also provides an efficient system both to capture and biomagnify many of the fat soluble compounds, such as mercury and POPs (persistant organic pollutants), since volatile compounds form the mid and low latitudes reach the arctic via a 'global distillation process'.

From the Paper
"What are the two most important contaminants of Canada's Arctic Ecoregion today? Why do you think they are the most important? Where do they come from and how did they get to the Arctic? Is the situation improving or getting worse? Why? The contaminants which are of concern in the Arctic are based on their chemical properties transport, uptake, and persistence in the environment. Such chemical properties include high volatility, and ability to adhere to particles both within the gaseous or liquid form, which allows the chemical to disperse readily from its source and travel easily its destination. The Arctic also provides an efficient system both to capture..."

Tags:iso 14000, contaminants, james bay

Abstract
This paper will examine misperceptions of the Arctic and Antarctic landscapes as cognitive constructs. These misperceptions will be analysed as constructs of two different cultures: European and Aboriginal. It will be argued that the Arctic and Antarctic landscapes have, over the centuries, functioned as a geographical equivalent of a psychological Rorschach test; vast white landscapes upon which we (or rather, white male explorers) have imposed readings that reveal more about ourselves than about the geographic realities of the spaces. In contrast to this, the views of peoples indigenous to the Arctic may be seen as a more valid perception of this forbidding environment.

Abstract
This paper discusses the Arctic region in Canada and its sovereignty. It describes the many lucrative and economically viable opportunities that exist there. The paper then looks at the problem that exists in that the Arctic area is so vast and so fragile that not many expansions can take place without causing damage to the environment. The paper also discusses demographic problems in the area, but focuses on Canada's sovereignty issues there. In addition, the paper argues that Canada must assert a presence in the Arctic region to prevent damage to a very sensitive and valuable ecosystem. The paper concludes that the possible ramifications for Canada not asserting this presence could lead to poor sustainable development and possible disputes between circumpolar nations in the future.

From the Paper
"Military presence in the Arctic region is nothing unfamiliar, past and present. Events such as World War Two led to the construction of designated military bases, which brought about infrastructure to the Arctic region. An example of this infrastructure that was constructed in the Arctic is the Alaska Highway. This highway was completed in October of 1942 and stretches for two thousand four hundred and fifty kilometres (Grant, 1988). This huge undertaking was done mostly by the American government in secrecy. This was because Alaska was apart of the Northwest Staging Route that had aircraft travelling from the United States to the Soviet Union. It was seen as a "jumping off point" to aid the Allied troops in Europe. Many bridges needed to be built along the way and because it was war time there was a lack of man power as well as resources. So as a result, many bridges were disassembled in the southern parts of the United States and reassembled where they were needed along the Alaskan Highway route (Duerden, 2005). At this point in time, Canada would provide "right of ways", and waive import duties and taxes and allow the use of timber and gravel along the route. Canada would attain control of the highway in the Yukon, Alberta and British Columbia portions, six months after the war ended and it would become "an integral part of the Canadian highway system." (Grant, 1988) The negative impacts that the construction of these various airfields and roadways had on the ecosystems of the Arctic region was measurable. The ground that they were built on was permafrost, which is difficult to build on due to the heaving and uplifting that takes place when it freezes then thaws."

Tags:military infrastructure, Alaska highway