Abstract
This paper discusses how architects and artists of every age have attempted to bring man back into communion with the spirit of nature and harmony with fellow human beings. It looks at how in reality, this ideal has been successful in only a few architects' works, though many have attempted or dreamed of its being put to practical use.

From the Paper
"Mies Van der Rohe, born in 1886 in Germany, said he was "convinced that architecture is the most significant expression of a civilization." He went through the horrors of World War I, and, along with other artists and architects held onto the concept of a Utopian society, when they founded the Bauhouse in 1919 in Dresden. Mies wrote for avant garde journals, pushing the idea of a society without pain for all and designs dedicated to form and function, which would be beautiful in their usefulness. Along with other architects, he helped design a housing colony in Stuttgard and the German Pavilion for the Barcelona World's Fair. The pavilion was the model of the structure of Utopia, with reflecting pools, chrome-plated columns and clean lines. It made space feel as it were floating, with only a base and a roof supported by a few columns. "

Tags:Rudolph, Schindler, Mies, Van, der, Rohe, Philip, Johnson

Abstract
Paper discusses the return to tectonic understandings of both architecture's ideals and the role of the architect; Framptom; Lecuyer; contrast with design focus in Architecture and theory to detract from architectural purpose, pragmatism and superior design with execution. The ideal of the architect as Tekton (GR) stands to correct much that ails the profession and current design; various refs. student will find ample internet illustrations; can key in architects and forms of architecture mentioned.

From the Paper
Work and Well-being Introduction There is a general consensus that one's workplace is tied in with one's general well-being. Most critics tend to sway towards the workforce increasingly facing higher levels of stress, and thus experiencing reduced well-being. The problem is common to the Western world. As work hours seem to grow longer, lunch hours shrink and women become a bigger part of the workforce, "work" becomes a large part of our society. It is such an issue that the government and various health bodies have strategized against the sentiment. The HM Government says that "work

Tags:tectonic arch, design/aes, profession

Abstract
The following paper will discuss the differences and similarities between gothic architecture in England and gothic architecture in France and argue that, while the two styles or schools can be differentiated in many ways, the one thing that they each have in common is that each one sought to impress upon the credulous, God-fearing worshipper the might of God and the might of the Church which, in its earthly form, served as God's emissary. To gain a proper appreciation of gothic symbolism, however, a great deal of context is required and many different things will have to be touched upon. Specifically, the next several pages will define the concept, "gothic," will briefly define "gothic" architecture, will describe/define gothic architecture as it manifested itself in England and France, and will take some time to highlight the Romanesque influences (and Islamic influences) which made possible what we now know today as "classic" gothic architecture. With these matters resolved, the paper will discuss why the gothic style would have been adopted in both England and in France (besides the obvious desire to glorify the Christian God) and the distinctions that exist between English and French gothic architecture (they are rather substantial) will be highlighted along with any similarities which might exist to link the two.

From the Paper
Gothic Architecture in England vs. Gothic Architecture in France: A Description of both, Basic Similarities, the Key Differences, Generative Influences, and (most of all) Symbolism The following paper will discuss the differences and similarities between gothic architecture in England and gothic architecture in France and argue that, while the two styles or schools can be differentiated in many ways, the one thing that they each have in common is that each one sought to impress upon the credulous, God-fearing worshipper the might of God and the might of the Church which, in its earthly form, served as God's emissary. To gain a proper appreciation of gothic symbolism, however, a

Tags:symbolism, gothic, architecture

Abstract
The paper relates that the Chinese culture is masterful at making and shaping beautiful arts and crafts with their hands (Chow 37) and this artistry is also seen in Chinese architecture, which has inspired architecture globally. In fact, the paper reveals that Chinese architecture influenced many temples in Kyoto, Japan (see Appendix A) and had a major affect on the architectural style of renowned American architect Frank Lloyd Wright before he developed his own unique style (37). The paper points out that a distinguishing characteristic of Chinese architecture is that it contains many structures that are not joined together with nails, but are linked together by properly carved matching connections to provide strength and binding to the building. The paper discusses how this concept has also been adopted by modern Western architecture in the construction of columns and mobile partitions in various rooms and halls. The paper notes that Chinese architecture is also traditionally very colorful.

From the Paper
"The Chinese culture is masterful at making and shaping beautiful arts and crafts with their hands (Chow 37). This artistry is also seen in Chinese..."

Tags:chinese, architecture, modern

Abstract
This paper examines the place and importance of architecture in human culture, further considering the uses of buildings and how their design has changed over time. First, the paper discusses the purpose of architecture which is cited as making places where people feel more human, more alive, more fulfilled. Next, the paper notes how architecture can be used to control human behavior by looking at the design of prisons. Then, the paper examines the architectural role of commercial and residential buildings. Finally, the paper explores sustainable architecture in light of today's environmental awareness and concerns. The paper concludes by stating that humanity needs a sustainable environment to keep creating the buildings and structures that we as humans need to maintain our way of life.


Outline:

How Physical Structure Affects Human Behavior
Architecture as a Means of Controlling Human Behavior
Environmental Implications Designs
Commercial Designs
Residential Designs
Importance of Architectural Development Supporting Sustainable Development
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the easiest ways to see how architecture has been (and still is) used to control human behavior is by looking at the prison system. The first penitentiary built in the United States was the Eastern State Penitentiary and it was built on the Quaker ideals of reforming the prisoners held within its walls. According to US History.org (1995-2011), "Eastern's seven earliest cell blocks may represent the first modern building in the United States. The concept plan, by the British-born architect John Haviland, reveals the purity of the vision. Seven cell blocks radiate from a central surveillance rotunda. Haviland's ambitious mechanical innovations placed each prisoner had his or her own private cell, centrally heated, with running water, a flush toilet, and a skylight. Adjacent to the cell was a private outdoor exercise yard contained by a ten-foot wall. In the vaulted, skylit cell, the prisoner had only the light from heaven, the word of God (the Bible) and honest work (shoemaking, weaving, and the like) to lead to penitence. In striking contrast to the Gothic exterior, Haviland used the grand architectural vocabulary of churches on the interior. He employed 30-foot, barrel vaulted hallways, tall arched windows, and skylights throughout."

Tags:sustainable architecture, prison system, commercial design, residential design

Abstract
The Neo Classic style of architecture includes the four sub-styles of Federalist, Idealist, Greek Revival, and Rationalist ("Neoclassical Architecture c. 1780-1850") and represents a re-birth of the classical styles of ancient Greece and Rome. Neo Classic architecture is known for its symmetry, tall columns, triangular pediments, and domed roofs ("Neo-Classical Architecture").

From the Paper
Neo-Classic Architecture The Neo Classic style of architecture includes the four sub-styles of Federalist, Idealist, Greek Revival, and Rationalist ("Neoclassical Architecture c. 1780-1850") and represents a re-birth of the classical styles of ancient Greece and Rome. Neo Classic architecture is known for its symmetry, tall columns, triangular pediments, and domed roofs ("Neo-Classical Architecture"). The Federalist style (1783-1815) is represented by a wide variety of architectural elements that include balustrades that preface flat roofs, "moldings of low relief and delicate ornamentation," central entrances,

Tags:neo, classical, architecture

Abstract
In this paper the author presents a brief history of Western architecture, highlighting the major epochs in European architecture, and modern architecture in the US. The paper further discusses the function of architectural space, its use and its aesthetic. Various architectural techniques and their historical development are analyzed. The paper concludes with an an examination of modern architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, whose designs are considered a culmination of the works that preceded him.

From the Paper
"It would seem logical to start our exploration of the history of architecture with one of the greatest artists of all time--Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475--1564), regarded by many as the "father of architecture in Europe and the greatest designer of the last 500 years" (Lowry, 167). Of all his architectural designs, the vestibule of the Laurentian Library, built to house the immense collections of the Medici family in Florence, Italy, stands out above all others. This vestibule gives the impression of a vertically compressed, shaft-like space which is dominated by a vast, flowing staircase that almost fills the interior, and unlike his contemporaries, Michelangelo ignored classical architectural ideals by placing his columns in pairs which are sunk into the walls; he breaks columns around corners and placed beneath them consoles not meant as support. In essence, Michelangelo "did away with classical architecture so prevalent in the High Renaissance and greatly influenced all architectural designs and forms that followed him" (Copplestone, 178)."

Tags:architecture, architects, Renaissance, Frank, Lloyd, Wright, Michaelangelo

Abstract
In this article the writer looks at William MacDonald's review of the architectural achievements of classical Rome, 'Architecture of the Roman Empire'. The writer discusses that MacDonald contends that architecture works through a kinesthetic process by which its shapes and surfaces impact our consciousness and serve as devices of physical and mental learning. This essay explores this approach with reference to the Markets of Trajan, the generic structure of Roman baths and the Roman amphitheatres. This analysis argues, with reference to both particular structures and generic styles, that the Romans conceived of their architecture as conveying messages in stone and educating citizens and foreigners alike, in the values and culture of Rome.

From the Paper
"William MacDonald, in his review of the architectural achievements of classical Rome Architecture of the Roman Empire, contends that architecture works through a "kinesthetic" process by which its shapes and surfaces impact our consciousness and serve as devices of physical and mental learning. This essay will explore this approach with reference to the Markets of Trajan, the generic structure of Roman baths, and the Roman amphitheatres."

Tags:rome, architecture, classical

Abstract
This paper compares Gothic architecture and Renaissance architecture, showing the change that came over architecture with the shift from the more massive and decorated style of the Gothic to the cleaner classical lines of the Renaissance, a period which also borrowed from the Moslem style to make new use of the dome, as in religious buildings by Brunelleschi.

From the Paper
"Gothic architecture developed from the Romanesque style and emerged in the twelfth century. It prevailed until the Renaissance beginning in the fifteenth century. Gothic architecture was marked by size and elaborate decorations. However, Gothic architecture was first defined in terms of a change in Romanesque church architecture diagonal ribs were added to the groin-vault, as was first seen at the Abbey Church of St. Denis near Paris (Frankl 1). In part because of its origins, Gothic architecture has long been associated with France and is considered a French style, though in fact, others used it as well. Gothic architecture is probably represented for many people by Notre-Dame de Paris, a facade known from countless stories and other representations as well as for itself. "

Tags:gothic, renaissance, architecture