Abstract
This paper examines phonological awareness and reading and discusses the goal of phonological awareness training. The paper specifically examines studies that demonstrate the benefits of phonological intervention through demonstrating the increased benefits of phonological training as effective educational intervention above and beyond intervention in learning comprehension and academic performance.

From the Paper
"The exact nature of the high quality childhood language acquisition experience lies in creating a more stable and resilient form of not only acquiring literary skills, but for learning and thinking in general, the entire spectrum of the cognitive process thereof. While adult cannot go back in time, the efficiency of language acquisition intervention has since proven valuable in adults. This only increases the rationale for applying early high quality language acquisition intervention to children as early learners, as it demonstrates that the systemized shortcomings or defaults in the existing standardized educational system approach can be ameliorated by cognitive learning intervention."

Tags:literacy, language, learning, cognition

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects on children's developmental progress when they are given systematic explicit instruction in phonemic awareness. It discusses the ways in which phonological awareness and phonemic awareness, including how to teach and assess them, has made an extremely valuable contribution to understanding how to teach reading to all children, including children with learning disabilities or delays in early reading.

From the Paper
"Other findings reveal that opportunities to play with language result in the development of phonemic awareness (Wasik 2001). In one 1987 study, young children who were knowledgeable about nursery rhymes and who had opportunities to manipulate sound in language also had well-developed phonemic awareness (Wasik 2001). Nursery rhymes are a natural way to expose children to words that sound the same, and research suggests that by learning rhymes, poems, and jingles, children develop awareness of sounds in words (Wasik 2001). Therefore, natural play with language can encourage children to attend to the sounds that words make (Wasik 2001). Research demonstrates that teaching phonemic awareness to 1st and 2nd graders who have had difficulty reading resulted in significant improvements in their ability to read and spell words, thus it is important for adult to create opportunities for children to learn phonemic awareness (Wasik 2001)."

Tags:rhyme, alliteration, speech

Abstract
This paper discusses archaic sculpture - in particular the Moschophoros statue. The paper provides a description of the sculpture and the damages it incurred as well as some of the critiques that it has received over the years.

From the Paper
''The Moschophoros statue is a very impressive work, lauded by countless critics and historians as an iconic example of archaic Greek statuary. He is nude and has long hair, a beard, and of course is carrying a calf that is draped around his shoulders. The most likely reason he is carrying a calf is that he is bringing it to a place where it will be sacrificed. He is carrying the proverbial "sacrificial lamb" one could say. The way he is looking straight forward, and his posture is facing directly forward, indicate he is from the genre of contemporary Archaic period Kouroi. His is named Romvos and he is offering that calf to Athena.
''Moschophoros' genitals are missing from the sculpture because a good share of the front side of his left leg from roughly the left hip down to the shinbone is gone. That fact is mentioned because typically Archaic Greek statuary features naked males with penis and scrotum fully visible from the front, and females most always are featured with clothing. His right hand it completely broken off just above the wrist and his left hand is partially broken off. The calf's left hind leg is partly missing in the same breakage as his left hand's demise; the calf's right front leg swings around Moschophoros' neck and is partially lost in the breakage that is centered at the center of the chest of Moschophoros.''

Tags:marble, sculptors, pigments

Abstract
This paper explains that Portuguese is an Indo-European language, which originated from the Vulgar Latin about two thousand years ago. The author points out that, as Christians conquered the peninsula, a lot of the grammar and words used in Spain and France greatly influenced the modern Portuguese language although the morphology and syntax were only slightly changed. The paper reports that Portuguese is a pluricentric language, which varies from its geographic locations but remains one language. The author describes its phonology, vowels, morphology, syntax, lexicon and pragmatics.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Phonology
Vowels in Portuguese
Morphology and Syntax
Lexicon
Pragmatics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Notice that there are actually three ways that one may say, "You make" in Portuguese. Vos fazeis is actually very archaic and is only used in Holy Scriptures or when praying to God. If you dare mention this, people would look at you very weird. It is similar to the use of ye in English which no one uses anymore (I hope not!). Now depending whether one is in Portugal or Brazil, the use of tu and voce varies. In the Portuguese spoken in Portugal, this dialect is considered as an honorable title. The pronoun voce is used when speaking to older people or when showing respect."

Tags:archaic pluricentric agglutinative phonological, uvular trill

Abstract
This paper discusses the sculpted art form from the Archaic Greek period known as Kouroi. The discussion addresses the characteristic features of Archaic Greek Kouroi, the influence of Egyptian culture on Archaic Greek Kouroi, and the eventual evolution of Archaic Greek Kouroi to appear more realistic. This occurred toward the late Archaic and Early Classical periods in Greek civilization.

From the Paper
"The Greek statues known as Kouros sculpted in the Archaic tradition feature a number of characteristics that makes them representative of this era's artistic form and expression. According to Donna A. Wilson common characteristics of Archaic Kouros include a reliance on schemata impulse for pattern domination of surface and plane linearity, ornamentality and explicitness and passivity. One of the most famous Kouros statues is actually a pair of statues of the Greek twins Kleobis and Biton."

Tags:arete, anatomical precision, Homer, Apollo, Hera, Kleobis and Biton, stone carving, tools

Abstract
Discusses general trends, individual variability in children's phonological development, PA as a precursor to literacy, both reading and writing, and the Reading Recovery Program.

From the Paper
"Phonological Awareness: A Precursor to Literacy
Phonological awareness (PA) is defined by Cupples and Iacono (2000) as the ability to focus consciously on the sound structure of language. It is assessed in tasks that involve the manipulation of the ..."

From the Paper
"NOTES ON THE CHOMSKY-HALLE PHONOLOGICAL FEATURE SYSTEM
Traditional categories and approaches
There are various ways in which languages have been transcribed. For example, one may symbolize one aspect of a contrast (e.g. length) or some other quality. One may show only underlying phonemes, or only some allophonic differences. Traditionally, a broad transcription designates one that uses a simple set of symbols, whereas a narrow transcription exhibits more phonetic detail. Diacritics increase precision, such as for indicating voicelessness, or a dental rather than alveolar sound.

Conventionally, transcription has two aspects, viz. the text itself and its interpretation. One set of conventions ascribes general phonetic values to symbols. Ladefoged (1993) thus regards symbols as approximate specifications of the.."

Abstract
This paper discusses the evolution of Greek statues over the centuries. It presents an overview of Greek statuary, focusing on the Archaic period and the High Hellenic period. The paper specifically focuses on and compares the kouros of the Archaic period and the depiction of Demosthenes from the High Hellenic period in order to understand how the changes came about.

Table of Contents:
Overview
The Archaic Period: the Kouros
The High Hellenistic Period: Demosthenes
Comparing Statues
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The kouros was never intended to represent a single individual. Instead, such statues were intended to represent a group of people, being that of idealized male youths at the height of their sexually attractive state. However, the statue of Demosthenes is clearly a representation of a single individual. It does not merely represent a group of people, being an idealized representation of the group "philosopher." Rather, the statue of Demosthenes is what Pedley calls a "psychological portrait" (352) of a living being, unlike the ambiguous kouros who exists suspended outside of time."

Tags:bakenreneb, depiction, representation

Abstract
This study attempts to discern whether a qualitative or quantitative approach to research methodology is appropriate for examining PALS. PALS measures young children's knowledge of important literacy fundamentals, including phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge, knowledge of letter sounds, spelling concept of word, word recognition in isolation, and oral passage reading.

Outline
Literature Review: Introduction to Research Methodology
History of Qualitative-Quantitative Research
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Education and Literacy
Quantitative Methods
Research in Education
Analysis
Conclusions

From the Paper
"In fact, there are many that might argue that a quantitative approach is preferable to a qualitative approach in all situations regardless of the phenomena being studied (Myburgh, Poggenpoel & Van Der Linde, 2001) because it lends itself to less 'subjective analysis.' However further exploration into the matter suggests that qualitative analysis is not subjective in nature and may in fact be the preferred method for research analysis into complex behavioral issues, particularly when the researcher is attempting to determine patterns in behavior and conduct (Myburgh, et. al, 2001).
That there is a great deal of 'opinion' surrounding the issue of both qualitative and quantitative research methodology cannot be argued. Thus research will be examined from both perspectives, qualitative and quantitative, in order to ascertain which methodology is best suited to provide detailed analysis of the PALS program, and in order to determine which methodology should be adopted by the researcher to provide adequate insight into the given phenomena that the researcher is attempting to explore. No conclusions will be made with regard to the legitimacy of either research approach until the final portion of this analysis, where a determination will be made as to whether a qualitative or quantitative approach is more appropriate in this particularly setting."

Tags:qualitative, quantitative, literacy

Abstract
This paper covers the availability of long-term phonological representations that gives rise to the higher memory span for words than non-words according to the Baddeley Working Memory Model.