Abstract This paper examines arches, one of the most common and familiar architectural formations to the eye whether outside a building or in the shape of a bridge. It looks at how arches are generally of three types, rounded, pointed and segmental and evaluates their structural advantages. The robust nature of masonry in constructing arch structures is illustrated by the longevity of the many ruins in Britain, many dating from the dissolution of the monasteries. It shows how arches have also been much used in modern architecture, usually in public buildings, such as the Sydney Opera house, where a striking appearance combined with strong acoustical support is critical.
From the Paper "Arches are also evident in doorways, forming the curved top to a door or an open entryway. An entryway that is not supporting a wall is obviously less in need of material reinforcement than one bearing down a wall. A rounded arch shape, rather than a square shape always provides more support and reinforcement than a straight edge, because the pressure is distributed across more pressure points along the curved as opposed to a straight edged entry structure. This is one reason why a rounded shape is so popular for entryways. (Durkin "Architectural Terms")"
Abstract This paper takes a look at the historical and architectural differences of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge, Pennyslvania and the Arch of Constantine in Rome. The author provides historical data for both structures and also compares their architectural styles.
From the Paper "Some disputed the National Memorial Arch's construction at the time. From an architectural standpoint, a triumphal arch was seen as inappropriate to a rural setting like Valley Forge, as such arches usually stood in major cities like Rome. Today the arch is no longer controversial. In fact, because of the arch's congruity with so many of the structures in the area, it is hard to remember that it was not built during the time of Washington's triumphant entrance, but in 1908. It is important to remember that it harkened back to the classical past of ancient Greece and Rome, the neoclassicism of the founders, as well as to Washington's triumph. There is nostalgia to the work that is not immediately evident, nostalgia for the actual construction and design of Washington D.C. under the watchful eye of Jefferson, and a less complicated age of American heroism, embodied in the persona of Washington."
Abstract This is a paper about bridges. The author examines their function, history and design. Much attention is paid to different types of bridges such as arch, suspension, move-able bridges and floating bridges.
From the Paper " A bridge is a structure designed to provide continuous passage over an obstacle. Bridges commonly carry highways, railroad lines, and pathways over obstacles such as waterways, deep valleys, and other transportation routes. Bridges may also carry water, support power cables, or house telecommunications lines.(1)
Some special types of bridges are defined according to function. An overpass allows one transportation route, such as a highway or railroad line, to cross over another without traffic interference between the two routes. The overpass elevates one route to provide clearance to traffic on the lower level while still letting the higher level flow easily. An aqueduct transports water. Aqueducts have historically been used to supply drinking water to densely populated areas. A viaduct carries a railroad or highway over a land obstruction, such as a valley.(1)"
This paper uses two sources, "The Story of Noriko" and "Golden Arches East" to examine how the younger generations from Japan and China, standing between the traditional identity and the new identity, are reacting to new cultures and mindsets.
Abstract This paper demonstrates that the young generation from Japan and China has a mindset that is not quite similar to their parents? and traditional society's expectations, which often cause a great deal of conflicts between the young and the old. The author shows that in "The Story of Noriko" the traditional Japanese society is known to frown on the increase in the number of women pursuing a significant career goal, rather than minimal tasking individual, because the conservative and relatively older generations believe that women, especially young women, are not qualified to manage the responsibilities and tasks men perform. The author uses the book, "Golden Arches East: McDonald's in East Asia" to describe how the life style of Chinese customers, especially the younger generations, have changed as McDonald's has entered the local Chinese society. The author concludes that, when a new lifestyle or culture develops, the young generation creates a hybrid culture to accommodate living in the 21st Century and traditional China or Japan.
From the Paper "In "The Story of Noriko", Noriko is a young woman who resides in Tokyo who is forced to encounter one of her dramatic real crisis. She is looking for a career where she can actually utilize her potentials instead of being just another Office Lady whose task is minimal and enduring without any chance of obtaining a significant position at a corporation. The traditional Japanese society is known to frown up on the increase in the number of women pursuing a significant career goal rather than minimal tasking individual, because the conservative and relatively old generations of the society believe that women, especially young women, are not qualified to manage the responsibilities and tasks men perform."
Abstract This paper examines Shakespeare's villain Iago in "Othello". The paper portrays Iago's different persona which are projected so skillfully, the central ones being of the villain and the arch-hypocrite. The paper illustrates the apparent identity crisis as Iago, who is supposedly the arch-villain of the play, spends a great deal of his time masquerading around as the honest, truthful, helping friend. The writer points out that Iago constructs his identity and his actions around the way others see him, which ultimately reveals his own insecurity about both his masculinity, and more importantly, his identity.
From the Paper "Shakespeare's main character, Othello, is the first to announce Iago's honesty, "my Ancient./A man he is of honesty and trust" (1.3. 281-82). Considering the fact that Othello and Iago have served together in various military campaigns, it tends to put "honesty" into the context of the ?soldier persona.? That is, Iago's reputation for truthfulness relies heavily on his blunt speaking as a soldier, moreover, that sort of tough realism that spills over into cynicism. In favor of this military complex creating Iago's ?honesty,? Michael Cassio points out, "He speaks home, madam; you may relish him more in the soldier than in the scholar" (2.1. 162-163). Cassio is implying that Iago's very mannerisms stem from his militaristic nature, not his scholarly views. He is not alone with this judgment, many of the other characters hold the same convictions against Iago. Montano demands of Iago to tell the truth in his report of Cassio's drunken behavior to Othello, warning that if "Thou dost deliver more or less than truth,/thou art no soldier" (2.3. 213-14). Iago himself uses these expectations to his own benefit, for when Othello forewarns that he will damn him if he is lying, Iago offers to resign his post, vagely protesting: God bu"y you: take mine office. O wretched fool, That lov"st to make thine honesty a vice! O monsterous world! Take note, take note, O world! To be direct and honest is not safe. (3.3. 373-76) Here, Iago insists that it is his vary nature to be honest, and that such exploitations of his so called ?soldier persona,? with its license both to speak bluntly and unmask underhanded dealings, is in fact an attack on his very values and virtues."
Abstract Memory Babe: A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac
This paper is an analysis of On the Road, the most famous literary product of the Beat generation. The author looks at the life of the book's creator, Jack Kerouac, and his philosophies on life, and restless spirit as he wandered and searched for meaning in all Kerouac encountered.
From the paper:
"Though it is not the only work of his art, On the Road, for better or worse, has become Kerouac's most famous novel. This book has performed as a means to meet the desires for a number of other people who feel to be having a restless and curious soul. The book itself initiated a cultural revolution, hence diverting about millions of people on new ideological channels. At the same time it arched Kerouac to a fame that he was never expecting and for which his calm, sacred soul was not prepared to deal with."
Tags: road, on, beat, generation, paradise, sal, moriarty, dean
Abstract An analysis of Ray Kroc's main acclaimed achievement, the establishment of McDonald's. A study of how he did it and what made him successful. The author explains how he was always a salesman so that when he saw a good business opportunity, he seized the chance to make a good product better and to go the distance with a vision. Not only did Kroc introduce a better fast-food restaurant, he found a better way to run any business through his philosophy of quality, service, cleanliness, and value. Much of his tenacity for success had to do with his vision, but most had to do with his natural salesmanship. The paper concludes that Ray Kroc was a genuine twentieth century innovator and American, second to none in his field, or in nearly any other industry.
From the Paper "Dining at McDonald's is a wholesome American experience. Nothing better represents the values and image of America than a hamburger, french-fries, and a chocolate shake under the Golden Arches. And no other innovators ? with the possible exception of Thomas Alva Edison, Henry Ford, and Bill Gates ? in the last one hundred and twenty-five years has a greater impact upon American culture and the global economy than Ray Kroc. He was a visionary and an entrepreneur. Most of all: Ray Kroc was always a salesman: when he saw a good business opportunity, he seized the chance to make a good product better and to go the distance with a vision. But when Ray Kroc opened the first McDonald's 1955, he wasn?t a restaurateur or self-made businessman. He was a 52-year-old milkshake salesman. But the day Ray Kroc entered a little restaurant operated by two brothers in San Bernardino, California, it not only changed Kroc's life but it changed the world. Not only did Kroc introduce a better fast-food restaurant, he found a better way to run any business through his philosophy of quality, service, cleanliness, and value. Much of his tenacity for success had to do with his vision, but most had to do with his natural salesmanship; and of salesmanship, Kroc said, ?"The definition of salesmanship is the gentle art of letting the customer have it your way" (Pepin). Ray Kroc is a genuine American success story from humble beginnings to hamburger titan."
Abstract The paper shows that ancient Roman architects implemented the elements of space, symmetry and construction with exceptional innovative skill. Although their most notable achievements, the arch and vault construction, was first conceived by the Etruscans and had a profound influence on Roman architectural style and design, the paper shows that the innovations made by the Romans were still tremendously substantial and distinct.
From the Paper "Another revolution can be seen in the Roman network of roads. The Romans were the first civilization to make well-designed roads. Around the time of Augustus the major roads were constructed to keep the incredibly large empire linked to avoid collapse. The Romans contributed a number of things to the basic idea of roads, such as archways, city streets, and arch bridges. This greatly increased the ability to build because of the way the roads were laid out. The roads allowed the Roman Empire to expand Rome in every direction; hence the saying "All roads lead to Rome". In fact, they were so abundant and well constructed that many of them still exist today as memorable landmarks today."
A developmental approach to understanding the Romanov dynasty and the conceptuality of growth behind the Russian monarchy. This paper focuses on Alexander I and Constantine under the personal guidance of Catherine the Great.
Abstract This paper looks deeper into the lives and personalities of individual monarchs in an attempt to achieve a greater understanding of the complex way they treated their subjects in post-despotic Russia. A study contra to most of the individual psychology based papers, with more of an attentive outlook towards the link of the monarchy of Russia and the autocrats as a leading caste more so than an individual. The paper shows how the monarchs chose to view themselves and how this affected their reigns. It views historiography grounded on over-arching theories, and leaves a closer, more psychologically-oriented picture of individuals who played extraordinary roles on the world's stage. Finally, it focuses towards conclusions of the effect on the monarchy and Imperial Russia through the upbringings of Catherine's two elder grand children as well as the gubernatorial interactions in history with the monarchs of Russia.
From the Paper "The soul of the immortal divine King Osiris becomes the soul of every Egyptian, as Christ becomes the soul of every Christian, so does the function of a monarch. A monarch is a social apparatus to will and decide and a model for all subsequent acts of free will and the ego of the individual. Originally attributed to law making functions a monarch has by modern man become the inner court of conscience. (2) The final century of the 300 year old Romanov Dynasty saw an unrelenting ineffective series of reigns. Incompetence is naturally not an especially rare quality in a monarch, as history shows us, but indeed, by definition, as they come to power through birthright and not merit the deleterious effects alone result in the occasional tyrant or foolish monarch."
From the Paper "Political, social, and artistic changes on a vast scale make the reign of Constantine the Great and, indeed, the entire fourth century the most confusing era in the history of Roman art. The fortuitous survival of the Arch of Constantine--with its historic relationship to the rise of Christianity as the state religion--has made this monument the focus of many questions about the emergence of the distinctly unclassical style that was eventually identified with the new religion. The Arch featured various classical sculptural elements taken from monuments of earlier reigns in addition to contemporary carving in the new style. Though there is little agreement among scholars as to the precise stylistic significance of the new style as represented on the Arch and the form in which it was eventually manifested as Christian art, it is clear that the Arch of Constantine stands at.."
Abstract Examines Superman and Batman. How each superhero represents two different ideals. How each has appeal for different publics. The dualistic way of life of both heroes. The secret identity or alter ego of each. Concept of mythic heroism. Early origins of the two fantasy figures; their back stories. Their interaction with arch-villians.
From the Paper "This research examines the comic-book superheroes Superman and Batman as representative of two different ideals appealing to two different demographic populations. The research will compare attributes of each figure with a view toward identifying discrete meanings of heroism that find resonance in those who valorize one superhero over the other.
To arrive at contrasts between Superman and Batman, it is first necessary to identify what they may have in common. The most obvious attribute that they share is a double existence. They are apart from the common horde of humanity, special in ways that the rest of humankind can only dream of, or more exactly in ways that illustrate the importance of mythic presence in the psyche if not in everyday experience (Campbell 12). To be sure, both Superman and Batman are fantasy figures, but ..."
Abstract The paper analyzes the two poems which detail the strength of a relationship between two people in love through the use of vivid figurative language. The writer shows that although each of the images in these poems is effective in its representation of the bonds of love, the poems themselves support two contradicting ideas: absence makes the heart grow fonder versus out of sight, out of mind.
From the Paper "Before focusing on the contrasting elements of ?"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" and ?Much Like an Arch This Marriage, one must examine the poems; similarities and realize that, in one sense, the two writers are expressing the same themes. Such similarity is derived from the uses of figures of speech, by Donne and Ciardi, that represent the belief that love between a man and a woman can be a source of personal growth and strength. Through the use of metaphysical conceit, imagery involving comparisons that are often far-fetched, yet intellectual, Donne compares his relationship with his lover to a compass, the "fixed foot" being their fused souls. Ciardi says that his marriage is like a firm arch that has been formed by "two weaknesses that lean together into a strength" (Donne 497), namely him and his wife. Both Donne and Ciardi believe that true love unites two people so intimately that those involved fell they can over come any obstacle. Their similarities end with this point, however. One obstacle exists that, according to Ciardi, love cannot conquer: separation."
Tags: imagery, representation, intellect, growth, marriage
Abstract This paper examines the book of the title's depiction of Benjamin Franklin. It observes that the book attempts to encompass the entirety of Franklin's life and, in so doing, must focus on one particular over-arching theme - that of Franklin's personal passions that led him to do everything he did. The author does fail to adequately cite/source his information and thus makes the book read more like a dry historical novel than a biographical text. But, it does achieve its goal - to present Benjamin Franklin's character as one of intense energies, creativity, and passions that, among other things, helped create America.
An exploration of the contention that John Milton's "Paradise Lost" is spanned on frail arches over the abyss of the impossible, the unnatural and the grotesque.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of the poem "Paradise Lost" by John Milton, which is intensified by Milton's controlled portrayal of the impossible, the unnatural and the grotesque in dimensions known only in the hypothetical sphere. It looks at how Hell and Chaos, realms of the dark abyss of imagination, are endowed with inventive metaphors and symbols that make their impossible and unnatural suggestions seem almost possible and natural. It also discusses how the grotesque images of Satan, the fallen angels, Sin and Death adorn their dark and fiery abyssal landscape in a manner similar to the grotesque art featured in ancient chambers.
From the Paper "Unnatural, being "contrary to the way things usually happen in nature; contrary to the physical nature of human beings"especially intensely evil or cruel? accurately describes the realms of Chaos and Hell. Milton demonstrates how Hell exists beyond the innate order of nature by depicting it through metaphors for sexual lust which can never be satisfied. If Paradise Lost is "spanned on frail arches" it is etymologically linked with the theme of fornication; the word "fornication" is from the Latin fornix meaning "brothel" but originally "arch". Satan's punishment is that he has been cast into a hell that permits inflamed sexual desire while preventing its consummation. Liquid is a common symbol for the feminine and Milton repeatedly refers to the "lake"; Satan lies "chained on the burning lake" , embodying an unsatiated lust that is aflame with bestial burning."
Abstract This paper explains that India and Pakistan have been arch-rivals since the partition of the sub-continent that took place more than 50 years ago; their animosity goes back a long time and finds its main causes in religion and history. The paper shows how this animosity has turned into a deadly arms race. The author points out that Pakistan never accepted the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India. The paper relates that the culture of medieval terrorism has spread throughout Pakistan because the Pakistan government has permissive attitudes towards terrorism and uses Islamic Jihad terrorism against India.
Table of Contents
History of India and Pakistan Relations
Independence and Partition
The Fight for Pakistan's Independence
War and Revolt
The Kashmir Conflict and the Wars Fought between India and Pakistan
Civil Unrest in the State of Jammu and Kashmir before the Issue of Accession
The Transfer of Power in the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947
Accession
The Plebiscite
First Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Second Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Third Indo-Pakistani War
The Current Situation in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Social and Economic Problems in Pakistan and India
Effect of September 11th on India and Pakistan
Pakistan
India
The Culture of Terrorism
The Nuclear Capabilities of the Two Countries
From the Paper "In 1931, the Maharaja's officials in the Jammu Province disrupted many different Muslim prayer congregations and insulted the Holy Quran. This caused a massive outrage among the Muslim community. The Muslims held many meetings and processions. At a meeting, Abdul Qadeer delivered a violent speech against the Maharaja. He was arrested by the police and charged for sedition. During his trial, the police shot a crowd of Muslim protesters outside the Srinagar Central Goal, taking the lives of twenty-two demonstrators and a policeman. This day is known as "Martyrs Day" in the history of Kashmir, marked as the beginning of the struggle of the Muslim Kashmiris for independence from the Indian government."
