Abstract
The author of the paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of water management with regard to the Los Angeles Department of Water & Power (LADWP) and the Colorado River Aqueduct. With regard to increasing demands for fresh water and the decreasing amount of water available from the Colorado River, the writer examines measures that must, in the writer's opinion, be taken to manage water resources including the implementation of policies to encourage consumers to reduce water consumption.

From the Paper
"The Colorado River Aqueduct and flow from the Colorado River is being managed relatively effectively today, largely because of the 2007 agreement. The agreement allows the MWD to create an "intentionally created surplus" (ICS) of water, and then store it in Lake Mead for use during shortages or droughts. The surplus water is a result of water conservation in farmlands, and the MWD is testing the program with Lake Mead officials now. There are things that could be managed differently, however. Consumers are the biggest users of water, and lawns and gardens are a large part of that usage. It would seem prudent for Southern California water districts to encourage homeowners to replace lawns and landscaping with low-water xeriscaping, as that would save a lot of water throughout the region. In addition, there needs to be more research and development into alternative technologies, such as desalination, underground water storage, and stormwater management."

Tags:water shortages, distribute rain snowmelt, drying up, trickle, lake mead, conservation xeriscaping desalination stormwater

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the bringing of water to the Los Angeles aqueduct from the Mono Lake. The writer looks at the issues of water rights, English Common Law and the Colorado Doctrine.

From the Paper
"When Los Angeles was a small town it recognized that its limited water supply also limited its growth. As the region attracted immigration the need for a stable and secure water supply became more obvious. William Mulholland helped to lead the building of the Los Angeles Aqueduct a project that was completed on-time and under budget and which brought water from northern California's Mono Lake to the southern California metropolitan area. This project was not without ..."

Tags:geography, DWP, Los Angeles, Mono Lake, LA Aqueduct, water rights, riperian rights, California Doctrine, Colorado Doctrine, English Common Law

Abstract
This paper provides research on the architecture behind Roman aqueducts by using the longest-lasting and still functional example of the Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain, built in 50 A.D. and a primary example of the Roman philosophy of public works architecture.

From the Paper
"Though the Ancient Romans borrowed architectural forms and styles from the Ancient Greeks, in Engineering, they far surpassed the Greeks. This stemmed from the development of cement by the Romans and access to plentiful, free, slave labor. As John M. Roberts says of the Roman capacity for engineering; "In engineering, the quality of their achievement is more immediately impressive". It was a source of pride to the Romans and one of the few things in which they were sure they outstripped..."

Tags:impress, function, cement, masonry, bricks, inscription, bronze, engineering

From the Paper
"The Struggle Between the Owens Valley and Los Angeles over Water
This paper will discuss the conflict between the residents of the Owens Valley and the city of Los Angeles through the end of the 1920s over the appropriation of water in the Owens Valley by the city. The first part of the paper will examine the background of the controversy. The second part of the paper will describe the high point of the struggle in the middle part of the 1920s. The last part of the paper will discuss the outcome and the ramifications of this struggle.


Located on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, the Owens River drainage system is long and narrow, extending 120 miles from the Mono divide to Owens Lake. Near the Mono divide, the floor of the valley is about 8000 feet above sea level; there is a drop of 2200 feet from the end of the Long Valley to Owens..."

Abstract
This paper analyzes the city structures of the Roman empire. The author gives a detailed explanation of the structure and functions of the roads, forums, aqueducts and baths that were used for social, religious and commercial activities.

From the Paper
"The discipline of engineering was very close to that of architecture in the Roman World. Roman architecture was a social art that gave the people of the Roman Empire benefits that no community had ever achieved before. Innovative city planning in the Roman Empire excelled in the creation of roads, forums, aqueducts and baths."

Tags:architecture, etruscan, roman, town, trajan, military, structure, society, empire

Abstract
This paper focuses on the use of water in the ancient Roman city of Pompeii. The paper explains that the use of pressurized water supplied by the aqueduct system played a vital role in everyday life in ancient Pompeii. Prior to the installation of the aqueduct in 27 BCE, the paper notes, Pompeii's water supply came from a system of wells and cisterns. The paper adds that the nature of this system meant that disease was fairly common, as the stagnant water was a breeding ground for mosquitoes carrying malaria and tuberculosis. The paper mentions three main water uses - everyday use by ordinary Pompeians; the decoration and embellishment of private homes; and public use in the baths. The paper discusses the use of water as a luxury item, as the presence of a private water supply was a very high status symbol. The paper adds that the public baths provided a central gathering point for socialization and business, as well as an important source of revenue for the city. The paper concludes that water was a large part of daily life for everyone in Pompeii. This paper contains illustrative figures.

From the Paper
"Pompeii was connected to the Serino branch of the Campanian aqueduct system in 27 BCE. Laurence suggests "either that something was fundamentally wrong with the water supply from wells or that there was a new demand for good quality water" (Laurence 1994: 44). The aqueduct carried clean water from the mountains. (fig. 1) Water was collected and distributed from the castellum aquae at the highest point in Pompeii. Lead pipes were used to transport the water to its destination within the town. The pressure exerted by this system was great enough that it in fact needed to be alleviated at certain points by the use of water towers which served a duel role of easing the load on the pipes and acting as a reservoir to hold a surplus supply of water. There were three main diversions from the castellum aquae. The largest was for the supply of public fountains and pools from which the citizens of Pompeii could gather water for their daily needs. A second division was for the provision of water to the public baths, which were important because they provided the town with revenue. The final division was devoted to supplying pressurized water to private homes. This division fits with Vitruvius' directions on how it should be done (Laurence 1994: 44)."

Tags:fountain, Rome, aquaduct, bath, public, ornamental, luxury

Abstract
This paper examines the development and impact of technology in the ancient and medieval world. It concentrates on three technologies from three different eras: the war chariot of the Bronze Age, the Roman aqueducts and the development of the full-rigged ship in the 15th century.

From the Paper
"Technology as an idea is strongly associated with the modern era. Today the word makes us think of computers a generation ago it probably evoked supersonic aircraft and spacecraft ..."

Tags:technology, ancient, medieval, chariot, aqueduct, full-rigged, ship

Abstract
This paper briefly explains how the old water system worked in the Roman Empire. It looks at the different water sources and rivers, which were prominent at the time, and the architectural uses of aqueducts.

From the Paper
"The aqueducts that Rome used for its water supply came from sources above or around the Tiber River or the Anio Valley. The first aqueduct was built in 312 B.C.E. and named in honor of its originator, Appius Claudius. It marked a major milestone because the previous water supply only came from wells, cisterns, springs, or the Tiber River itself. As the city became more populated, the demand for water grew, and thus more aqueducts were created."

Tags:aqueduct, tiber, river

Abstract
This paper looks at how technology, aqueducts and tidal mills helped to forge a historical growth in human technology that spans the world in its causation. By examining the Paleolithic examples of tool and blade cutting, it shows how one can realize how mankind slowly evolved technology to control water sources for agrarian uses in latter eras of development.

From the Paper
"This study will examine the usage of Prehistoric, Classical era, and Post-Classical era examples of technology that helped mankind to use materials and survive in different environments. The Prehistoric usage of "scrapers" or blade technology; the Classical era usage of the Roman aqueduct; and the Post-Classical invention of the tidal mill all offer examples of technology that were extremely important to human advancement. By understanding how these technologies were used, one can analyze how these advances affected the environment in which they were created. In essence, technology played a key role in advancing the human race to greater levels of production, but had negative consequences that were often problematic for the environment. "

Tags:prehistoric, technology, classical