Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that coral collected for hobbyists comes from reefs throughout the world, with the majority of harvesting collected within the South Pacific and in the Caribbean Sea. The writer notes that aquaculture has been recommended as a means of improving the quality and longevity of corals kept in reef tanks, as well as helping preserve the integrity of the coral reefs from which these organisms are initially harvested. This paper identifies and explores these issues.

From the Paper
"Marine fish tank hobbyists are increasingly interested in keeping coral species as a centerpiece of their aquariums. The introduction of "nano reefs," or fish tanks that are less than thirty gallons in size and are specifically designed to house salt water species has exacerbated the demand for both fish and coral organisms within the aquarist trade. Moreover, many of those keeping such nano reefs are comparatively new to ..."

Tags:marine, biology, coral

Abstract
This paper discusses how although it is not known to what extent the use of aquaculture will assist in the preservation of coral reefs, it is certain that aquaculture will help promote the health and longevity of corals when kept in a personal fish tank. It looks at how the aquaculture process facilitates appropriate animal husbandry methods that are already widely used in facilitating and improving the health of other domesticated plants and animals.

Outline
Introduction
Coral Reefs and the Marine Aquarium Hobbyist
Applications of Aquaculture
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To be sold as a piece of authentic aquacultured coral, the organism must have propagated a minimum of two times in captivity, suggesting that the size of the organism has reached a size sustainable for harvest two or more times since the original parent colony was harvested from the ocean (Pillay & Kutty, 2005). This process has been likened to that of houseplants, where a houseplant has grown large enough to divide a minimum of two times before the successive harvested generations are considered to be domesticated. "

Tags:animal, husbandry, plants, animals

Abstract
The paper discusses the increased incidence of coral bleaching and its significance for marine biologists and environmentalists. The paper describes the effects and consequences of coral bleaching and concludes that coral reefs are essential for our survival, since the health of coral systems impacts the health of marine life, which in turn impacts the earth's overall ecosystem. The paper includes color illustrations.

Outline:
Introduction
Effects
Impacts and Consequences
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Coral are dynamic organisms, maintaining numerous symbiotic partnerships with organisms essential to life and health of marine ecosystems. Corals are very sensitive to changes to the environment. This is one of the reasons why marine biologists use them as indicators for the health of the ecosystem (Castro & Huber, 2000). Microorganisms and small marine animals depend on coral reefs for habitat, sustenance and protection. Nybakken (1997) believes that the health of coral reefs can be used as indicators in evaluating the overall health of the marine ecosystem. This is why the increased incidence of coral bleaching is a concern for marine biologists and environmentalists. ("Coral Reef", 2006)"

Tags:marine, biology, microorganisms, toxins, ecosystem

Abstract
This paper provides an insight into the coral reef, one of the most beautiful, living examples of nature. It discusses how it has taken thousands of years to create the coral reefs that are found worldwide and how these fragile ecosystems are in danger of disappearing unless citizens and the government take steps to preserve these habitats for numerous varieties of marine life. It shows how with the aid of satellites and concerned individuals, these living monuments will be around for thousands more years.

Outline
Introduction
History of the Reefs
What are Corals
How Corals Feed
Photosynthesis
A Fragile Environment
Forming the Reef
Where Coral Forms
Variety of Colonies
Architecture of the Reef
Darwin's Theory
Wildlife of the Reefs
Monitoring the Reefs From Space
Dangers From Algae
Other Dangers
Regrowth
Protection Act of 1999
Survey of Americans
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Scientists are excited about the use of the satellite since it offers views of coral reefs that are hard to reach and observe. In 2000, when a fishing boat was grounded more than 1,000 miles west of the Hawaiian Islands on the Pearl and Hermes Atoll, scientists found it difficult to reach the reef to check on the amount of damage it may have sustained. There are numerous coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean that are so remote, that it would be hard to detect or study a spill or grounding. High-resolution imagery gives scientists a much needed tool to monitor these reefs that were previously inaccessible (Soliday 154)."

Tags:satellites, nature, marine, ecosystems, photosynthesis, darwin

Abstract
The paper addresses the importance and value of coral ecosystems and details human-induced threats that are currently affecting corals such as overfishing, direct disturbance, coral bleaching, eutrophication and global climate change. The paper also briefly outlines recommended strategies for managing coral ecosystems in the future. Includes pictures.

From the Paper
"In the world's oceans, coral reef ecosystems contribute to a large portion of the biodiversity of marine life. Besides the living corals themselves, many plants and animals such as fish, algae, bacteria and invertebrates depend on the coral as habitat. Yet in recent years, coral reef ecosystems have declined and changed at alarming rates, leaving scientists trying to decipher the exact workings of these ecosystems and the causes of decline. Some recent suggestions on the factors contributing to reef change are overfishing, disease, large-scale disturbance events, global climate change (namely ozone depletion and global warming), pollution, overharvesting and overpopulation. Global warming in particular has been singled out as the greatest current threat to corals and is considered to play a key role in coral bleaching, an effect which can ultimately lead to mortality of corals. With the marine environment continually changing, coral reefs throughout the world, as well as the diverse array of life they support, are seriously threatened."

Tags:biology, change, climate, coral, degradation, ecosystem, environment, environmental, global, marine, ocean, reef, warming

Abstract
This paper is a descriptive and prescriptive essay that considers the grim predicament facing the Elkhorn Coral and what can be done to arrest its troubling slide into extinction. In particular, the paper argues that any conservation policy seeking to save the coral from ultimate destruction must keep human beings and animals away from the susceptible coral reefs. Additionally, it discusses non-intrusive bulwarks that can shield the Elkhorn Coral from the devastating impact of large-scale hurricanes and other meteorological phenomena.

From the Paper
"The following paper is both a descriptive and prescriptive essay that will look at the grim predicament facing the Elkhorn Coral and what can be done to arrest its troubling slide into extinction. In particular, this paper will argue that any conservation policy seeking to save the coral from ultimate destruction must keep human beings and animals (chiefly, it would seem, domestic animals) away from the susceptible coral reefs; at the same time, it is appropriate that some consideration be devoted to developing non-intrusive bulwarks that can shield the Elkhorn Coral (and all Coral..."

Tags:marine, species, conservation

Abstract
Several recent studies show that the America's coral reef system in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are being degraded by natural and man-made factors. This paper examines the magnitude of the problem and addresses possible solutions. The paper argues that once coral reefs die, they are gone for ever and questions whether mankind can save their destruction.

From the Paper
"It remains to be seen whether these efforts would go far enough to address the urgency, which this matter requires. Policy makers should appropriate enough resources to address such problem. These are bold measures but unless the are aggressively implemented, the global Coral Reef system may be destroyed in the years to come, this is the reason why environmental pollution should be taken more seriously, the Kyoto conference held in Japan a few years ago was a right step and hopefully the leaders of the industrialized countries, who are also responsible for over two-thirds of the global industrial pollution should live up to their commitments to reduce industrial emissions. It is regrettable that President Bush's Administration refused to live up to the treaty negotiated by members of the global community of which the United States was a party to."

Tags:ecosystem, environmental, Marine, Sanctuary

Abstract
The paper relates that as any environmentally conscious person is fully aware, the world's coral reefs have been in decline in recent years, in fact, as one expert reports, "two-thirds of the world's coral reefs may be dying and, if current conditions continue, 70% of them may be gone by 2050, according to statistics released by the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force" (Chepesiuk, 2000). In light of this serious situation, the current study examines a number of critical questions concerning coral reefs. More specifically, the current study examines questions including: what is coral, why coral reefs are important biologically and economically, factors and issues currently threatening coral, and what the US Government is currently doing to conserve coral.

Tags:coral, coral reefs, crtf

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth analysis of the problem of global warming and its effect on coral reefs. The paper cites statistics that describe the history of global warming. The author further explains the composition of corals and their sensitivities to environmental disturbances such as temperature change. The current crisis in coral reefs is described and international conservation programs are presented. The author concludes by encouraging public awareness of this issue.

From the Paper
"The earth is warming up, slowly, but undoubtedly. The seemingly trivial increase of 1.1 , or a little more than half Celsius since 1861, has altered the climate tremendously. There are more extreme weather events, which result in flood and drought especially in the poor countries. The atmospheric and oceanographic disturbance El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 had caused the increase in seawater temperature two to three degrees Celsius above normal (Brown). Coral reefs, already devastated by human activities such as over-fishing, development in coastal areas, and pollution, are further ravaged by the unusual warming. Extensive bleaching is widespread, which turn the colorful coral into dazzling white masses. This damage, then, will affect a wide range of organisms, whose survivals are dependent on the reefs' health condition."

Tags:Coral, reef, polyps, temperature, change, global, warming

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses how coral reefs function. Further, the writer looks at the effect that environmental stressors have on them. The writer discusses what if anything can be done to protect coral reefs from harmful environmental effects.

From the Paper
"The research question explored herein is how to coral reefs function and what are their responses to environmental stressors such as increasing ocean temperatures and acidification. A related question is what if anything can be done to protect coral reefs from harmful environmental effects. The function of coral reefs as described by Bellwood Hughes Folke and Nystrom is to provide an ecosystem in which a wide variety offish and flora live feed breed and interact with each other ..."

Tags:coral reefs, ocean temperature, acidification