Abstract
This paper examines the various approaches commonly used by sociologists to determine whether or not certain behaviors are indeed deviant or not deviant. The paper explores all six of them and suggests that a combination of the reactive and group evaluation approaches into something known as the synthetic approach (the last of the six approaches delineated in the paper) is the most effective way of determining what is actual deviance.

From the Paper
"There are a number of means by which sociologists endeavor to determine whether or not certain behaviors are deviant or otherwise. Specifically, there are six of them: statistical, absolutist, legalistic, reactive, group evaluation and synthetic. Of these, the last one, because it combines the worthiest features of both reactive and group evaluation approaches, is the one which comes nearest to accurately determining which acts are deviant and which acts are not. With this in mind, it is to a discussion of this important issue that we now turn. Before proceeding too far, it must be noted each of these approaches to determining whether or not an act is deviant or not deviant has something which to commend itself. For example, statistical approaches to deviance have merit insofar as actions which fall outside what would be done by the majority of the populace are, in a very strict..."

Tags:deviance, approaches, synthetic

Abstract
This paper looks at approaches to political science. The paper argues that the four approaches used in the discipline of political science (institutionalism, behaviouralism, public choice theory and political economy) are both compatible and often complementary.

From the Paper
"Politics has always been of interest to human societies in some form or another. However, it has only been in the recent past that political science has become an academic discipline concerned with creating methods and approaches like the natural sciences (Dickerson and Flanagan 1-3). There are essentially four approaches that dominate the discipline of political science. These approaches are institutionalism, behaviouralism, public choice and political economy (Dickerson and Flanagan 4-7). These are not the only approaches but they are the most commonly used and are familiar to all political scientists. There has been a great deal of debate amongst political scientists about the relationships between these approaches."

Tags:political, science, approaches

Abstract
The aim of employment development is to assist certain groups and individuals to cope with job markets and changing economic development. This paper explains community economic development and small business development--two contemporary approaches to employment development.

Tags:approaches, employment, development

Abstract
This paper discusses several educational approaches to learning, including the constructivist approach to education, Gardner's multiple intelligences theory, the brain-based approach and objectivism. The paper shows how all of the modern educational approaches offer valuable contributions to contemporary education. The paper therefore concludes that the ideal approach would incorporate elements of all the theories in the manner most suitable and practical for the circumstances.

Outline:
Introduction - Modern Educational Approaches
Constructivism
Multiple Intelligences Approach
Brain-Based Approach
Objectivist Approach
Selective Implementation of a Hybrid Approach for Maximal Value

From the Paper
"American education evolved considerably in the last half of the 20th century and, in general, reflects an attempt to promote learning through specific methodologies based on various different philosophical approaches. Rather than relying on traditional learning models emphasizing factual recall and rote memorization, the more modern education theories incorporate elements relating to concept of academic learning. We have come to recognize a fuller spectrum of different forms of natural aptitudes that comprise a much broader description of intelligence as well as the cognitive mechanisms responsible for human learning."

Tags:constructivism, Gardner, multiple, intelligences, brain, objectivism

Abstract
This essay will discuss, compare, and contrast two approaches to psychotherapy: psychoanalysis and cognitive therapy. These two approaches are profoundly different, and so it is reasonable to think that one of them is closer to the truth, and thus might be expected to be more effective as a therapy. It will be shown that this is indeed the case. This essay will discuss, compare, and contrast two approaches to psychotherapy: psychoanalysis and cognitive therapy.

From the Paper
Psychotherapy - Discuss, compare, and contrast two approaches to psychotherapy. Discuss research that evaluates the effectiveness of each approach. Introduction This essay will discuss, compare, and contrast two approaches to psychotherapy: psychoanalysis and cognitive therapy. These two approaches are profoundly different, and so it is reasonable to think that one of them is closer to the truth, and thus might be expected to be more effective as a therapy. It will be shown that this is indeed the case. Contrasting psychoanalysis and cognitive therapy

Tags:psychoanalysis, cognitive, therapy

Abstract
In this paper, effective qualitative research approaches are analyzed in light of how they may be used to identify both problems and opportunities in international business. First, the paper presents an overview of the debate regarding qualitative versus quantitative approaches to social research. A chart is included to visually clarify various approaches to qualitative versus quantitative research. The author notes the pros and cons of both methods. The paper continues by pointing out various reasons why there is a paucity of scholarly literature on qualitative research and international business. This is followed by a review of two studies based on qualitative research in international relations ,focusing on US - South Korean relations. Charts are included to highlight salient points. The paper concludes by stating that the qualitative case study approach, combined with the triangulated methodologies can provide a robust and comprehensive analysis of potential problems that must be taken into account in international business, especially in cases of an overseas investment. The paper includes appendices.

Outline:
Review and Discussion
Part A. Summary and Overview
Table 1. Similarities and differences between quantitative and qualitative analysis
Part B. Empirical research concerning efficacy of qualitative research approaches
Literature review and its connection to the research question(s)
Methods employed
Data analysis
Interpretation of the results
Appendix A

From the Paper
"Because the two different research methodologies provide significantly different results, it is vitally important to recognize when to use one approach rather than the other. In this regard, qualitative analyses can provide researchers with some potential insights that might not be available through a strict "bean counting" approach. For instance, Daymon and Holloway (2002) note that, "Because qualitative methods tend to be associated with the subjective nature of social reality, they are well equipped to provide insights from the perspective of stakeholders, enabling researchers to see things as their informants do" (p. 3). In sharp contrast to quantitative approaches, qualitative methodologies seek to provide researchers with the "big picture." "

Tags:oversea investment, qualitative research, quantitative research, South Korea

Abstract
Three different approaches to philosophy are the Sophist (speculation about subjects such as law, morality, ethics, politics and human rights), Platonic (on issues such love, the soul, virtue, justice, ethics and politics) and Aristotelian (an in-depth and scientific understanding of reality) approaches. By considering these three approaches in turn, this paper shows how they differ and how they show a trend in philosophical thinking. This overview of the three approaches are concluded by a consideration of which of these views most closely resembles the author's own approach to philosophical thought.

From the Paper
"Comparing these three theories shows one significant trend that occurs with the philosophical approaches. The earliest theory of Aristotle is based on a scientific and theoretical approach that attempts to determine the underlying principles of philosophy. Plato's philosophies combine this theoretical approach with a focus on considering more meaningful issues in real life, such as love and ethics. The Sophist view then continues the trend actually rejecting the theoretical and scientific view and focusing directly on those issues that have a direct relevance to human life."

Tags:Plato, Aristotle, Sophism, ethics, Greek, morality

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Marxist, liberal, and feminist approaches share a pivotal characteristic in common in that all three are concerned with the needs of the oppressed. However, the writer discusses that although these approaches are similar in certain respects, they are basically quite distinct in their identification of which social and economic needs are to be given priority, their proposed solutions to social problems, and in implementation of solutions. The writer points out that the liberal approach is especially distinct from the other two approaches since the term 'oppressed' does not so adequately fit. This paper focuses on the socioeconomic context and salient issues in New France in order to apply and illustrate those three approaches.

From the Paper
"The Marxist approach would also maintain that the state operates as a means for social control and that it serves he purposes of emerging commercial capitalism. In addition, creating a program of social services may be somewhat empowering but it also oppresses people. Another Marxist criticism of the liberal approach would be that the liberal goals of social security would impose a severe burden on habitants who were already paying a tithe to the Church. As far as the Marxist approach is concerned, the work by religious orders and especially by nuns served to promote and reinforce the class system. Nuns' origins ranged from the nobility to wealthy backgrounds, and class differences were also observed in school programs which conformed to a social hierarchy."

Tags:attitudes, oppression, subordination, females

Abstract
This paper argues that there is no single adequate approach to strategic management. The writer explains and compares the four approaches of the classical, the evolutionary, the processual and the systemic school of thought and also establishes the framework in which these approaches are applied. Five market forces which interact in a complex framework to create unique scenarios are described. The greatest challenge in business strategy formulation is to anticipate the movement of market forces. The thinking behind each approach and its shortcomings are described, and the paper concludes that the best strategy may be to follow a mix of the four approaches.

From the Paper
"As mentioned before, the five forces create a complex context for businesses to operate in. It is difficult for the management of a business organization to predict when there is going to be a new entrant in the market or when a substitute product is going to be launched. In this context business strategy becomes a question of luck and judgment. The management still has to do the best it can in trying to figure out where the industry will go in the future in terms of differentiation, cost minimization and quick delivery (cited in Fred, 2006). But the question that still remains is how to set those strategies. In answering this question, the management has at its behest four approaches: classical, evolutionary, processual and systemic."

Tags:luck, judgement, opportunism, design, context, differentiation, bargaining, industry

Abstract
This paper defines and describes the ego psychological approach and the solution focused model approach to therapy and counselling. The paper analyzes these approaches in order to help clarify the differences between them and the methods through which these approaches can be applied in practice. The paper emphasizes the success of the outcomes in therapy.

From the Paper
"In social work and counseling, the diverse needs of the clients mean that there are many distinctive therapeutic and counseling approaches that can be applied to different clients under different circumstances. Two approaches that are frequently considered when a client has a problem targeting difficult choices and making decisions based upon the best course of action are the ego psychological approach and the solution-focused model approach. This paper shall define and describe these two approaches to help clarify the differences between them and the methods through which these approaches can be applied in practice, with an emphasis on the solution-focused model approach. Solution-focused Model The solution-focused model evolved from cognitive therapies in which it is recognized that "clients are people who make choices about future acts" (De Jong & Berg, 2001, p. 362)."

Tags:solution, focused, therapy