Abstract This paper examines the various approaches commonly used by sociologists to determine whether or not certain behaviors are indeed deviant or not deviant. The paper explores all six of them and suggests that a combination of the reactive and group evaluation approaches into something known as the synthetic approach (the last of the six approaches delineated in the paper) is the most effective way of determining what is actual deviance.
From the Paper "There are a number of means by which sociologists endeavor to determine whether or not certain behaviors are deviant or otherwise. Specifically, there are six of them: statistical, absolutist, legalistic, reactive, group evaluation and synthetic. Of these, the last one, because it combines the worthiest features of both reactive and group evaluation approaches, is the one which comes nearest to accurately determining which acts are deviant and which acts are not. With this in mind, it is to a discussion of this important issue that we now turn. Before proceeding too far, it must be noted each of these approaches to determining whether or not an act is deviant or not deviant has something which to commend itself. For example, statistical approaches to deviance have merit insofar as actions which fall outside what would be done by the majority of the populace are, in a very strict..."
Abstract This paper relates that this approach seeks to go beyond the subjective impressionism of the reader's response. The author points out the strengths and weaknesses of this approach by analyzing "Moll Flanders".
Abstract This paper looks at approaches to political science. The paper argues that the four approaches used in the discipline of political science (institutionalism, behaviouralism, public choice theory and political economy) are both compatible and often complementary.
From the Paper "Politics has always been of interest to human societies in some form or another. However, it has only been in the recent past that political science has become an academic discipline concerned with creating methods and approaches like the natural sciences (Dickerson and Flanagan 1-3). There are essentially four approaches that dominate the discipline of political science. These approaches are institutionalism, behaviouralism, public choice and political economy (Dickerson and Flanagan 4-7). These are not the only approaches but they are the most commonly used and are familiar to all political scientists. There has been a great deal of debate amongst political scientists about the relationships between these approaches."
Abstract The author of this paper feels that the general approach to addressing privacy on the internet has led to a debate between government and self-regulation with technology only providing a modest recourse. He feels that any attempt to address privacy concerns will depend on the very institutions that have been pitted aginst each other. This papers evaluates the rationale for each of these approches and concludes by presenting a interdependence model for regulating privacy on the internet.
From the Paper "Before its demise two years back, Toysmart.com made a standard promise to its customers: The Company's privacy statement assured customers that Toysmart would never sell information registered at the site, including children's names and birth dates. But in the liquidation proceedings, Toysmart.com declared that its customer lists were business assets and therefore it was allowed to sell the lists to a "qualified buyer" that would be a successor-in-interest to the customer information (Doherty, 2001). DoubleClick is an Internet advertising company that tracks Internet user behavior in order to better target banner ads. Not only did DoubleClick deceive consumers by claiming in multiple earlier privacy policies that information collected would remain anonymous, the company also unfairly collected and linked information about Internet users without their knowledge or control. Elensys Inc., a Woburn, Massachusetts company had been secretly collecting the pharmacy records of millions of consumers from 15,000 pharmacies nationwide a deed which won them the infamous Big Brother Award. The above examples are just one of the few brought out in the public light revealing the utter disdain with which corporations deal with consumers personal data. These organizations while raking in huge profits bombard consumers with massive loads of unwanted spam while strategically selling on data to unknown third parties, where it gets aggregated along with other databases for the purpose of online profiling. The rapid advances in new intelligence gathering technologies, and their almost limitless spectrum of functions, creates a buoyant surveillance economy. It is known that on an average, each adult in the developed world is located in 200 computer databases (Davies, Unknown). Such facts present an increasingly dangerous ground for privacy conscious consumers to tread on."
Abstract The aim of employment development is to assist certain groups and individuals to cope with job markets and changing economic development. This paper explains community economic development and small business development--two contemporary approaches to employment development.
Abstract This paper examines cognitive theories and the cognitive approach to treatment of patients with Alzheimer's Disease. The paper focuses on the psychological aspects of treatment.
From the Paper "The paper begins with a brief review of the nature of Alzheimer's Disease. It is then noted that, while historically it has been thought that there was little to be done in order to improve the functioning of people with this disorder, cognitive theories and cognitive interventions have changed this view. The paper then discuses how cognitive theories have helped to produce greater insight and understanding into the..."
Abstract This paper discusses several educational approaches to learning, including the constructivist approach to education, Gardner's multiple intelligences theory, the brain-based approach and objectivism. The paper shows how all of the modern educational approaches offer valuable contributions to contemporary education. The paper therefore concludes that the ideal approach would incorporate elements of all the theories in the manner most suitable and practical for the circumstances.
Outline:
Introduction - Modern Educational Approaches Constructivism
Multiple Intelligences Approach Brain-Based Approach Objectivist Approach Selective Implementation of a Hybrid Approach for Maximal Value
From the Paper "American education evolved considerably in the last half of the 20th century and, in general, reflects an attempt to promote learning through specific methodologies based on various different philosophical approaches. Rather than relying on traditional learning models emphasizing factual recall and rote memorization, the more modern education theories incorporate elements relating to concept of academic learning. We have come to recognize a fuller spectrum of different forms of natural aptitudes that comprise a much broader description of intelligence as well as the cognitive mechanisms responsible for human learning."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed literature review on the topic of "responsive classroom approach". Using sources that research the responsive classroom approach to teaching, the author explores the approach and evaluates school climate when the approach is implemented. The author also examines the perception of school climate using responsive classroom approach from the standpoint of teachers, students and parents.
Outline
Create Rules with your Class
Keep the Rules Simple
Teacher Language is Powerful
Take Time for Reflection
Childhood Education
From the Paper "The responsive classroom approach is one that has recently received attention nationwide in American schools. The approach deals with the social patterns of students in school. In recent years there has been attention given to school problems, including bullies, schools shootings and self esteem. With the more recent problems that have garnered national attention, school systems have turned to experts to determine how best to create a warm and welcoming school climate. Social skills may not fall under the four R's but if educators do not address the problem the repercussions could be tragic."
Abstract In this paper, the writer compares and contrasts the respective approaches to music by the artists John Lennon and Paul McCartney. The writer discusses Lennon's personality and approach to music and Paul McCartney's ideology and approach to music. The writer highlights one or two main differences that these two figures have in their approach to music.
From the Paper "According to the Angelfire website, Lennon and McCartney are an unusually polarized songwriting team. The personal relationships that the Beatles shared were constantly changing. John Lennon was clearly the acknowledged leader. To begin with, Lennon had more of a vision of what the Beatles were about and what they could be. Lennon had a rebellious nature that asked provoking questions, confronted assumptions and societal norms and challenged authority. One could infer that when Lennon looked at himself and the world around him ... "
Tags: compare and contrast john lennon's personality and approach music, paul mcartney, ideology, approach to music, obvious similarities, lennon's revolutionary and fighting music approach with paul's essence of musicianship, happiness.
Abstract Three different approaches to philosophy are the Sophist (speculation about subjects such as law, morality, ethics, politics and human rights), Platonic (on issues such love, the soul, virtue, justice, ethics and politics) and Aristotelian (an in-depth and scientific understanding of reality) approaches. By considering these three approaches in turn, this paper shows how they differ and how they show a trend in philosophical thinking. This overview of the three approaches are concluded by a consideration of which of these views most closely resembles the author's own approach to philosophical thought.
From the Paper "Comparing these three theories shows one significant trend that occurs with the philosophical approaches. The earliest theory of Aristotle is based on a scientific and theoretical approach that attempts to determine the underlying principles of philosophy. Plato's philosophies combine this theoretical approach with a focus on considering more meaningful issues in real life, such as love and ethics. The Sophist view then continues the trend actually rejecting the theoretical and scientific view and focusing directly on those issues that have a direct relevance to human life."
Abstract This paper defines and describes the ego psychological approach and the solution focused model approach to therapy and counselling. The paper analyzes these approaches in order to help clarify the differences between them and the methods through which these approaches can be applied in practice. The paper emphasizes the success of the outcomes in therapy.
From the Paper "In social work and counseling, the diverse needs of the clients mean that there are many distinctive therapeutic and counseling approaches that can be applied to different clients under different circumstances. Two approaches that are frequently considered when a client has a problem targeting difficult choices and making decisions based upon the best course of action are the ego psychological approach and the solution-focused model approach. This paper shall define and describe these two approaches to help clarify the differences between them and the methods through which these approaches can be applied in practice, with an emphasis on the solution-focused model approach. Solution-focused Model The solution-focused model evolved from cognitive therapies in which it is recognized that "clients are people who make choices about future acts" (De Jong & Berg, 2001, p. 362)."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that Marxist, liberal, and feminist approaches share a pivotal characteristic in common in that all three are concerned with the needs of the oppressed. However, the writer discusses that although these approaches are similar in certain respects, they are basically quite distinct in their identification of which social and economic needs are to be given priority, their proposed solutions to social problems, and in implementation of solutions. The writer points out that the liberal approach is especially distinct from the other two approaches since the term 'oppressed' does not so adequately fit. This paper focuses on the socioeconomic context and salient issues in New France in order to apply and illustrate those three approaches.
From the Paper "The Marxist approach would also maintain that the state operates as a means for social control and that it serves he purposes of emerging commercial capitalism. In addition, creating a program of social services may be somewhat empowering but it also oppresses people. Another Marxist criticism of the liberal approach would be that the liberal goals of social security would impose a severe burden on habitants who were already paying a tithe to the Church. As far as the Marxist approach is concerned, the work by religious orders and especially by nuns served to promote and reinforce the class system. Nuns' origins ranged from the nobility to wealthy backgrounds, and class differences were also observed in school programs which conformed to a social hierarchy."
Abstract This paper argues that there is no single adequate approach to strategic management. The writer explains and compares the four approaches of the classical, the evolutionary, the processual and the systemic school of thought and also establishes the framework in which these approaches are applied. Five market forces which interact in a complex framework to create unique scenarios are described. The greatest challenge in business strategy formulation is to anticipate the movement of market forces. The thinking behind each approach and its shortcomings are described, and the paper concludes that the best strategy may be to follow a mix of the four approaches.
From the Paper "As mentioned before, the five forces create a complex context for businesses to operate in. It is difficult for the management of a business organization to predict when there is going to be a new entrant in the market or when a substitute product is going to be launched. In this context business strategy becomes a question of luck and judgment. The management still has to do the best it can in trying to figure out where the industry will go in the future in terms of differentiation, cost minimization and quick delivery (cited in Fred, 2006). But the question that still remains is how to set those strategies. In answering this question, the management has at its behest four approaches: classical, evolutionary, processual and systemic."
Tags: luck, judgement, opportunism, design, context, differentiation, bargaining, industry
Abstract This essay discusses the ways in which a stakeholder approach to corporate governance would differ from the existing system of a stockholder approach in the UK. A definition of corporate governance is provided along with the differences between stakeholder and stockholder approaches to this particular issue. The extent to which a stakeholder approach would change the existing system is also investigated. References and evidence to support these arguments are provided throughout the essay.
From the Paper "The new proposal of corporate governance is that of a stakeholder approach. The fundamental principle behind this concept is that shareholders are no longer the only members of an organisation who have an interest in the conduct and performance of the company. This is supported by Demb & Neubauer (1992) who state "corporate governance is the process by which corporations are made responsive to the rights and wishes of stakeholders". J. Kay (1995) also states "it is the purpose of companies to maximise its profits or to develop its business in the interests of customers, employees, suppliers and other stakeholders in the wider community." "
Abstract This paper examines three sources that compares the rational approach of philosophy with that of the emotive approach and concludes the fact that the rational approach has greater advantages for the individual and to a greater extent the society.
