Abstract
This paper explores the effects the Industrial Revolution had on the British apprenticeship system. It deals with the changing status of the apprentice and of employers and plots the history of the system from the early eighteenth-century through to the late nineteenth.

From the Paper
"For many centuries, Britain had embraced the apprenticeship system as a method of educating the young in the skills required within the workplace. Training at the feet of a master craftsman provided apprentices with one-on-one instruction in the intricacies of trades ranging from wheel weighting to printing. Due to the protracted nature of an apprenticeship, the payment of a premium by the parents or guardians and the guarantee of future well-paid employment, the undertaking of an apprenticeship was seen as both honorable and worthwhile. It was also one which would ultimately result in journeyman standing, a position of high esteem. However, this high regard for apprenticeships would be irrevocably diminished during the nineteenth-century, and whilst the Revolution was not directly instrumental in this demise, it would play a major part in redefining the construct of the apprenticeship."

Tags:children, employee, employer, labor, mechanization, urban

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the use of irony in the novel 'Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship' by J.W.V. Goethe. Three levels of irony are uncovered. The writer discusses that at the simplest level there is the pedagogic irony, which is necessary for the composition of the bildungsroman. The writer then notes that there is the irony of 'strangeness', which is characteristic of Goethe, who believed that the practice of art should always be infused by the aesthetic sensibility. The writer goes on to explain that the most pronounced irony comes from the fact that we are not explicitly told about the secret designs of the Society of the Temple, who are monitoring and manipulating the events in the life of Wilhelm, so that he acquires maturity in exact accordance with their particular humanist philosophy. The writer discusses that stress is laid on how Wilhelm's experiences are made to coincide with those of Hamlet.

From the Paper
"Such irony is termed pedagogic. It is as if the author has placed himself in the position of pedagogue, who customarily puts his pupils in confusion, bewilderment, or shame. It works on the philosophy that one only learns through error, and that there is no linear and straightforward approach to education. The pedagogue allows his pupils to err only because he is there to correct them. Goethe's use of irony in the novel has, however, more dimensions of significance. At one level he believes in committing error, but at another he does not. So, in the end of the novel we discover that Wilhelm Meister does not encounter life in a spontaneous way, but instead is secretly guided by an arcane order, who are directed by the precepts of Freemasonry. It reflects a contradiction in the outlook of Goethe, which in turn emerges from the contradiction inherent in the German Enlightenment, of which Goethe was a leading figure."

Tags:pedagogic bildungsroman strangeness Romanticism, freemason, humanist

Abstract
This essay interprets the ending of Mordecai Richler's novel The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz and argues that the ending can only be considered a "happy ending" from the points of view of Duddy and several of the other Jewish working-class "mythmakers" in the novel. Their view of the ending, and of Duddy's fate, is determined by the racist oppression of Jews in Montreal at the time, and the great importance they therefore see in becoming a "success" at any price. However, from the point of view of those characters in the novel who truly care for Duddy as a human being - whether Jewish or non-Jewish - the ending can only be considered a tragedy.

Abstract
The paper is based on the famous Canadian novel, "The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz" by Mordecai Richler. The focus of this particular essay is the point of view used by Richler in this novel. The point of view is the third person, but the focus shifts between the main character, Duddy Kravitz, and that of other characters, sometimes even minor characters.

From the Paper
"In any work of fiction, the point of view is a very powerful narrative tool, in that it determines how well we get to know specific characters, what we know about them, whom we sympathize with and how the narrative is constructed. The two standard points of view that most fiction writers use are first-person (in which the action is told from the point of view of the main character, who refers to himself as "I") and third person (in which all characters are referred to as "he").

Tags:duddy, kravitz, richler

Abstract
This paper discusses the story of an ambitious young man, Duddy Kravitz, who is determined to become a success. The author points out that Duddy takes on his father for a role model, because, like his father, he engages in dishonesty as a tactic to rise to the top. The paper concludes that, because of this, his achievements become the ingredients of his self-destruction.

Abstract
This paper examines the successful British colonization and economic exploitation of the Caribbean, which was built on the back of slave labor thus making the sugar plantations successful. Thanks to this human exploitation from Africa, Barbados and Jamaica, and later Trinidad, became valuable territories. The paper goes on to describe the British anti-slavery movement which was gathering force in Britain, and eventually led to the abolition of slavery.

From the Paper
"The successful British colonization and economic exploitation of the Caribbean was built on the back of the slave labour that providing cheap labour, thus making the sugar plantations successful. Thanks to the gross human exploitation of slave labour, always black and usually from Africa, Barbados and Jamaica, and later Trinidad, became valuable territories. However, the British anti slavery movement was gathering force in Britain, and eventually led to the abolition of slavery. However, this was briefly replaced by the apprenticeship system, until finally slavery was truly abolished and the colonies had to find alternative labour. Some..."

Tags:british, caribbean, slaves

Abstract
The paper discusses how the central characters in the novel "The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz" by Mordecai Richler and the short story "How Are You?" by Marilu Mallet reflect aspects of the Canadian experience and especially of people from different cultures living in the Canadian setting. The paper describes both main characters in these works.

From the Paper
"Central characters in the novel "The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz" by Mordecai Richler and the short story "How Are You?" by Marilu Mallet reflect aspects of the Canadian experience and especially of people from different cultures living in the Canadian setting. Casimir in Mallet's short story is a young man from Poland who, along with other immigrants from different countries, must learn English, find a job, and make a new life in a new setting. Duddy Kravitz in the Richler novel is a young Jewish man in Montreal. He is acutely aware of the differences between himself and the majority of the population and is dedicated to achieving success by following his grandfather's maxim to own land. Both young men..."

Tags:mallet, richler, comparison

Abstract
This paper explores the relatively unstudied origins of the indentured servant trade. It claims that the institution of indenture was based on a combination of traditional English institutions; apprenticeship, farm laborers and domestic servants. This is proven by examining the social standing of each group, the terms of contracts in each profession, the tasks they performed and the social mobility they could expect upon finishing their term, in relation to indentured servants. The period before the large influx of African slaves is of particular interest in this study, since the dynamic of the servant trade was altered radically by the arrival of a cheaper labor force.

From the Paper
"Opportunities that existed in the colonies were often closed to the poorer classes in England. Even for apprentices there were only four ways they could become established as a master; by marrying either the daughter or widow of their master, through inheritance, by purchasing a practice or by setting up their own. The latter options required a large initial investment, and the former circumstances were rare since a son of the master usually took over the practice. This left most tradesmen little better off than the common laborer . Servants in agriculture had even fewer prospects open to them in England; in order to marry and start their own household they would have to save the majority of their wages for about ten years, and then finding a small farm was difficult since they were much in demand and vacancies were very low."

Tags:labor, servants, servitude, domestics, master

Abstract
This paper discusses how training in the work place can be enhanced by social learning theory. It explores the importance of knowing how employees learn to help organizations develop effective training programs that achieve the desired outcome. The author expands on various approaches to work place training including apprenticeships, peer-to-peer learning and Web-based training.

From the Paper
"Companies regularly invest in upgrading their capital equipment factories, modernized computers are upgraded, newer equipment is installed. Yet one of a company's most important assets, its employees ..."

Tags:Social learning, training, employee training

Abstract
This paper discusses the legacy of Sandro Botticelli, known as one of the best and most spiritually enlightened of the Neo-Platonic Renaissance painters who was eventually hired by the Pope to work on the Sistine Chapel. He was born to an artisan-class family of tanners where his artistic temperament was ignored and started his working career as a goldsmith until he received his first apprenticeship as an artist. Eventually he rose to fame, gained more commissions, both creating panels and the like for rich merchant families and frescoes and other church decorations. He became known for his dreamy and melancholic mythic religiosity and implications of human form and feature and ranked among the greatest of the allegorical and mystical painters of his time.

From the Paper
"Sandro's original apprenticeship as an artist was under the legendary Fra Filippo Lippi. In many ways this was a fortunate choice in masters; Botticelli's mystical and dreamy nature fit well with Lippi's penchant for the ideal and devotional. An apprenticeship in one of the more modern, naturalistic studios might have created a far different Sandro Botticelli, or hidden his actual talent. (Botticelli, 13) Lippi's influence is obvious in most of his student's early work, to such a degree that most of the earliest Botticelli paintings are virtually recreations of Lippi pieces, keeping content and design and scene in common while changing method and form ever so slightly. The resemblance between Botticelli's Madonna Guidi and Lippi's Madonna and Child with Angel is far from accidental."

Tags:medici, neo-platonic, sistine, chapel, pope, vespucci, apprenticeship