Abstract
This paper states that communication apprehension is a problem for much of the population. The paper then goes on to analyze communication apprehension in a group of teachers using relevant theoretical concepts and perspectives. The paper also makes recommendations on how the problem can be resolved, based on interpersonal communication perspectives. The paper reviews the literature relating to communication apprehension and states that there are differences to consider in the manner in which males and females communicate.

Outline:
Introduction
Communication Apprehension Examined
Characteristics Of Communication Anxiety
Six Typical Cognitive Distortions Identified
Strategies For Coping With Communication Apprehension
Peer Feedback: Enabling Communication Skills
Differences In The Way Males And Females Communicate
Summary & Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work of Horwitz entitled: "Communication Apprehension: Origins and Management" states that the "treatment of communication apprehension is a natural fit for speech-language pathologists because many patients with clearly diagnosed communication disorders have anxiety about communicating that may or not may not be related to their presenting problems. In addition, speaking anxiety is a common universal problem among people without communication disorders." These reasons according to Horwitz, is convincing that ..."the study of communication apprehension warrants the attention of speech-language pathologists who can, with additional training, easily develop the expertise to treat the multitude of people who suffer from this problem." (2001) Horwitz relates that the work of Marshall (1994) states findings that thirty percent to forty percent "of the general population considered public speaking their number one fear, surpassing fears of heights, sickness, loneliness, and the dark."

Tags:communicate, aprehension, male

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the focus of the proposed research is to develop a Web page, which defines communication apprehension and which describes the effects of communication apprehension in group meetings. The writer describes that this involves the individual visiting the Web page and taking a self-administered, self-scoring test and then reviewing the information and self-help tools provided on the Web page. The writer points out that this Web page will enable communication among team-members allowing them to overcome communication apprehension and engage in communication that is reciprocal and effective. The writer maintains that research has shown that effective communication cannot take place within a group setting in which individuals have apprehension about communicating with one another.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Project Focus
Project Structure
Project Presentation
Brief Review of the Literature

From the Paper
"The Web page will be presented in English and designed for employees whose organizations are moving toward or functioning in a team-based environment. A prototype will be used to develop the site and, as the developer. The researcher in this work will hold the responsibility for maintenance and necessary medications of the design. Still graphics such as bullets and photographs will be incorporated into the site, as will other tools, such as, fonts, titles and headings, links, blank space, and horizontal and ruling lines. There will be no need for security beyond that readily available to all sites, because this site's objective is to educate and aid. The life expectancy of this site is 5 or more years. By five years from now, it is anticipated that organizations will have come to realize that not all employees are alike and that they need to be trained to function in a team-based environment."

Tags:teamwork, skills, participation, tools

Abstract
This paper researches the phenomenon of what is known as communication apprehension or anxiety. Communicative apprehension is defined as "an individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons". This paper takes an in-depth look at this issue.

Outline:
I. Introduction
Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA)
Communication Apprehension
The difference between state CA and trait CA
II. Body
Culture
Gender
III. Future directions
IV. Conclusion

From the Paper
"Based on the earlier description of self and other perceptions, as well as actual behavioral results, one can surmise that generally, high CA can be a detriment to those experiencing it in an organizational context. Using this information as a base, one may also posit that experiencing high RA in the organizational environment will elicit similar outcomes. Some researchers have suggested that because of the information that has been found regarding apprehension in organizations, it would be unlikely to find highly apprehensive individuals in advanced positions within a company. Although it has been discovered that high CA people were less likely to desire advancement, and less likely to perceive themselves as likely to advance within the organization, there are no empirical data that indicate these feelings and beliefs are consistent with actual outcomes.
Culture
The first valencing factor consists of social and cultural norms. If cultural norms dictate greater spatial boundaries, less touch, and so forth, then individuals from these cultures are likely to valence such norm violations negatively. Parents even articulate immediacy norms with verbal commands (e.g., don't stare, don't push) so that learning of these norms is facilitated. "

Tags:communication, networks, interpersonal, salience, interaction, patterns, cognitive

Abstract
This paper introduces a study to be undertaken in an organizational setting to determine the prevalence of communication apprehension in the workplace and specifically in the small group setting. This study is to be conducted through use of a questionnaire in which participants are to answer statements by stating that they disagree or agree on a Likert-type scale in which one represents that the respondents strongly agrees and five represents that the respondent strong disagrees with the statement. According to the paper, the study of communication competence is as old as mankind itself, however, the study of communication apprehension reveals new aspects of this field. The paper concludes by stating that the results from this research will provide something of value and of importance to the diverse community that comprises communication research and its scholars.

Outline:

Background to the Study
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Importance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Methodology
Summary
Organizations of the Remaining Chapters

From the Paper
"Inter-cultural communication is one important aspect of today's global economy and this adds to the already existing apprehension experienced by individuals regarding communication in the workplace. As well, one individual might be apprehensive for other reasons such as an imbalance of power between the individuals and in fact the reasons for apprehension could be on the basis of a variety of factors. As noted in the work of Cole and McCroskey (2000) communication apprehension has been identified "through extensive research" as a trait that affects communication between individuals.
"Cole and McCroskey relate that if the sources of communication report that they are apprehensive the outcome is generally found by research to be negative in nature. The work of McCroskey (1997) identified three common effects of high communication apprehension: (1) communication avoidance; (2) communication withdrawal; and (3) communication disruption."

Tags:communicative competence, intercultural communication, shyness, small working groups

Abstract
Robert Frost addresses many human emotions and themes in his poetry. In this essay the conflict of desire and apprehension is explored. 5 pgs. Bibliography lists 5 sources.

Tags:desire, apprehension, conflicts

Abstract
The writer of the paper contends that speaking in public is probably one of the hardest things in life confronting most people today and that people who experience high levels of communication apprehension have been shown to score lower on college entrance examinations, have lower overall grade point averages and have been found to be at a higher risk for dropping out of college compared with those with low communication apprehension levels. In the paper, the writer attempts to identify the importance of communicating in today's team-based work environment; to identify the importance of communicating in everyday life; to determine the quantity and quality of talk of an apprehensive individual; to determine the perceptions of other group members; and to deliver guidelines for coping with communication apprehension that can be readily applied by most people today. The paper's writer also interpolates a critical review of the literature with the results of a survey of currently employed individuals to help answer the research questions. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the concluding chapter. The paper includes a number of graphs and one appendix which is a copy of a questionnaire used in the research.

Outline:
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Findings
Chapter 5: Discussion
Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions
References
Appendix

From the Paper
"Individuals who suffer from high levels of communication apprehension have been shown to score lower on college entrance examinations, have lower overall grade point averages and have been found to be at a higher risk for dropping out of college compared with those with low communication apprehension levels (Greene & Burleson). Moreover, people with high levels of communication apprehension have been found to be regarded as being less competent, composed, and attractive compared with more gregarious individuals (Greene & Burleson). In addition, these high communication apprehension level individuals are also less likely to receive job interviews and, when hired, are less likely to seek career advancement. The negative consequences associated with communication apprehension have been found to result in an overall diminished sense of self. The vast majority of research on communication apprehension has been directed toward helping college students manage their anxiety in the context of a basic public speaking course; in addition, communication researchers have documented the impact of instruction on reducing apprehension and improving competence and success. Of all of the treatment approaches investigated to date, the three most popular treatments of communication apprehension involve one or more of the following: skills training, systematic desensitization, and cognitive modification and restructuring, with skills training being the most common technique used (Greene & Burleson)."

Tags:communication, aprehension, fear, negative, consequences, quality, organizations, anxiety, assignments, students, analysis

Abstract
This paper discusses how public speaking is one of the most difficult things many people must do in their personal and professional lives and how such communication apprehension also affects other aspects of an individual's life. It proposes a study to identify the importance of communicating in today's team-based work environment; to identify the importance of communicating in everyday life; to determine the quantity and quality of talk of an apprehensive individual; to determine the perceptions of other group members and to deliver guidelines for coping with communication apprehension that can be readily applied by most people today. To achieve these goals, a critical review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature is combined with the results of a survey of currently employed individuals. The proposed study's findings and a summary of the research are provided in the proposed study's concluding chapter.

Outline:
Abstract
Chapter Outline and Overview
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Problem Statement
Chapter 2 - Review of the Literature
Chapter 3 - Methods
Chapter 4 - Findings

From the Paper
"Because all organizations consist of groups of people, the ability to communicate effectively with others is a fundamental requirement of most people's working lives. In fact, the effectiveness of groups of all types will directly relate to the ability of its members to communicate effectively with each other. Moreover, the extent to which an organization's groups and teams are effective will likely be the extent to which the organization will be able to achieve its goals. Similarly, the extent to which students are capable of communicating effectively in school settings will also contribute to or detract from their academic performance. The physical and emotional discomfort that many people experience as a result of communication apprehension, though, prevents them from becoming effective communicators and tends to make them avoid situations where such communication is required. "

Tags:work, environment, public, speaking

Abstract
This paper argues that the use of force is most justifiable in a clear situation of direct threat of harm to the police and innocent persons. The paper further argues that this is not the only justification, however, as within police work there are many gray areas. In addition, the paper argues that the adoption of a policy of only allowing the use of force when there is a perceived threat of injury to an innocent is too simplistic a model for the many gray areas that are involved in police work. The paper argues this by first discussing scenarios of apprehension and then by discussing the issue of interrogation and, lastly, by developing, from the literature, a better sense of the existing rules, regulations and laws pertaining to the use of force and their moral ground.

Outline:
Introduction
Grey Areas
Suspect Coercion by Force or Threat of Force
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Yet, this is simply one example which can be dissected to a myriad of gray eras that often face officers in the field. For Locke, or Hobbes, there is no question that if one person is seeking to take another's life or liberty than the acts of a civil government are justified, as use of force may need to be used to subdue the infringement. What if the weapon is concealed, by the individual or even simply suspected to be a lethal weapon by the officer, in a moment of assumed danger and fast movement, but is in fact not a weapon at all? What if the individual is reaching for said weapon to relinquish it and the officer perceives that they are doing so to use it? What if the distance from the suspect is so great that the officer cannot confirm that the item in question is a weapon but if it is it is still within lethal striking range of the officer or another innocent bystander?"

Tags:apprehension, moral, legal, permissibility, interrogation, detention

Abstract
This paper explains that kleptomania is an impulse-control disorder in which the person has irresistible impulses to steal objects that are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value. The author points out that, because kleptomania appears to be associated more with character or personality issues than with simple depression, combination therapy seems to be the best therapeutic approach. The paper relates that the full impact of kleptomania on stores is not understood because apprehension rates for shoplifting are low and store owners turn over only twenty-four percent of the perpetrators they catch. The paper reports that studies indicate that shoplifting is not confined to specific gender, race, age or social class; however, they are disproportionately young and female.

From the Paper
"Various disorders such as mood disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse and impulse control disorder can be linked to kleptomania. In the "American Journal of Psychiatry", August 2003, The article 'Psychopathology and Co-morbidity of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Kleptomania' discusses a study conducted that compared patients with kleptomania, patients with alcohol abuse or dependence, and psychiatric patients without impulse-control disorders or substance-related disorders on several key psychopathological dimensions."

Tags:dissociation, impulse-control, apprehension, female, behavioral

Abstract
This paper discusses the implementation of the Young Offenders Act (YOA), that was enacted in order to attempt to reduce youth crime in Canada. The paper analyzes research that discusses the reasons why youth crime fell each year from 1991 until 1996 and the fact that apprehension and charging rates over time tended to be due to legislative changes rather than actual changes in criminal behavior.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Crime in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s: The Young Offenders Act
Youth Crime in Canada Under the Youth Criminal Justice Act
Comparison with "Other" Crime: Workplace Violence
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Overall, the findings indicate that in terms of youth crime in Canada, changes in apprehension and charging rates over time tend to be due to legislative changes rather than actual changes in criminal behavior. Recent results indicate that in the last few years, increases in chargeable youth rates were probably owing to technical reporting factors rather than changed police charging practices. Regarding another form of crime, workplace violence has decreased in Canada over the years in every sector apart from the health care, welfare and community service industries, which experienced marked increases. Reasons behind these changes are probably social and political in nature. Heightened scores in some provinces were found to be probably related to the fact that there are a greater proportion of residents in these areas working in high risk sectors for workplace violence."

Tags:violence, legislature, behavior, apprehension