Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes "White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812" by Winthrop D. Jordan. According to the paper, the book's title shows that the attitudes of each population were not as set or as clearly understandable as people may believe. In this book, Winthrop discusses the history of relations between whites and blacks leading to the slave era. Winthrop shows how attitudes changed over that time and how the fact of slavery in particular altered relations between black and white over time.

From the Paper
"The basic subject of the book White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 by Winthrop D. Jordan is evident from the title, and the attitudes of each population were not as set or as clearly understandable as people may believe. The author is a professor of history at the University of Mississippi and has written a number of books on racism and the slave era. In this book, he discusses the history of relations between whites and blacks leading to the slave era. Winthrop shows how attitudes changed over that time and how the fact of slavery in particular altered relations between black and white over time. Europeans were seeking empire when they first arrived in West Africa..."

Tags:white, over, black

Abstract
This paper summarizes and analyzes Noliwe Rooks' book, "White Money Black Power: The Surprising History of African-American Studies and the Cris of Race in Higher Education". The paper describes the book as a provocative account of the history of the Black Studies Movement, but takes issue with the wat that Rooks failed to take into account the way in which so many African Americans played such an important role within the development of Black Studies programs. The paper argues that Rooks, who is the Sociate Director of African American Studies at Princetown University, both misrepresents and overstates the influence of the Ford Foundation, under the leadership of McGeorge Bundy, on the Black Studies Movement by attempting to undermine and diminish the way in which Black Studies resulted from a movement that was, for the most part, essentially all-black. The paper further argues that Rooks' suggestion that white and other ethnic groups played an important role throughout the rest of the nation is false, thus diminishing this work's value within the disciplinary discourse.

Outline:
Introduction
Book Summary
Critical Analysis of the Text

From the Paper
" Rooks places an important emphasis on the fact that the students who sparked the Black Studies movement were a multi-cultural group, thus challenging the historical images that usually depict primarily African American students as being pitted against armed police officers. Conversely, Rooks argues that "Although the familiar narrative chronicling the beginning of Black Studies generally centers on Black student protest and violence, in reality, at San Francisco State, Black, white, Native American, Asian, and Latino students rose up together, joined forces, and made or supported unequivocal demands" (Rooks, 2007, p.4), subsequently arguing that some "Eighty percent of the 18,000 students supported the strike by refusing to attend classes" (Ibid.). According to Rooks, therefore, this multi-cultural group of students initiated the creation of a Black Studies Department and an Ethnic Studies Department in order to meet the needs of Black students. "

Tags:McGeorge, Bundy, Ford, Foundation

Abstract
The paper looks at "White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812" by Winthrop D. Jordan where he discusses the history of relations between whites and blacks leading to the slave era. The paper looks at how Jordan identifies the institution of slavery and the development of its own rules and customs. The paper describes how Winthrop shows how attitudes changed over time and how slavery in particular altered relations between black and white. The paper notes that Jordan provides a list of resources for those who want to examine these issues in more detail.

From the Paper
"Europeans were seeking empire when they first arrived in West Africa, originally just to trade goods with the natives. English traders wrote accounts of their journeys and described the people they saw, people very different from themselves, with skin color the most obvious difference. Different terms were used to apply to natives from different parts of Africa, meaning natives of differing blackness. The idea of color itself became part of the vocabulary. English travelers eventually came to see blacks as not only different but as savage and so as uncivilized. This fact alone became a lure for travelers who wanted to see the savages up close. In time, the English started to project attitudes they did not want to admit in themselves onto the savages they saw as so different, and blackness became a metaphor for some of the darker aspects of human nature."

Tags:slavery, servitude, plantations, North, South, conflict

Abstract
In his book "Red, White and Black", Gary Nash proposes the thesis that rather than viewing the three nations which make up the history of the American people as distinct and parallel, or merely in conflict, the three racial groups engaged in complex cultural interactions and negotiations, and were thus all equally important. This paper examines Nash's thesis, as well as construction of his text, his methodology of analysis, some of the facts he presents to defend his pluralistic thesis, and finally comes to an overall assessment of Nash's thesis and the importance of his book as a whole.

From the Paper
"Nash's approach as an historian is chronological in its structure, rather than ideological. In other words, he traces the beginnings of the history of America, from before 1500, to the early European and native encounters, up to the end of the revolutionary period, cumulating in 1800, with a final chapter on what happened afterwards in the lands he discusses. This relatively straightforward approach allows for one of the most interesting aspects of Nash's book, namely his introduction of little-known, even now, material, regarding the interactions of Europeans, Native Americans, and Black Africans before the term 'America' was even coined. Using chronology, and interweaving the different stories create a multifaceted texture of history created, again stressing the equal importance of all three groups."

Tags:native, american, african, american, white

Abstract
This paper looks at three major North American cults and how they were founded, led and maintained. Their beliefs, leaders, members, roots and practises are outlined. The three cults are the Branch Davidians, Peoples Temple and the Solar Temple.

Outline
Introduction
I. The Branch Davidians
A. History
1. Victor Houteff.
2. Florence Houteff
3. Before Howell
B. David Koresh
1. David Koresh (Vernon Howell)
2. Koresh's Beliefs
C. The Branch Davidian Religion
1. Beliefs
2. Practises
3. The End
II. The People's Temple
A. Jim Jones and his Dream
1. Jim Jones
2. The People's Temple
B. The People's Temple as a Religion
1. Theories and Beliefs
2. Practises
C. Negative Aspects
1. Manipulation
2. Jonestown
III. The Order of the Solar Temple
A. The Founders
1.Joseph DiMambro
2.Luc Jouret
B. Religious Structure and History
C. The Solar Temple as a Religion
1. The 7 Rules
2. Beliefs
3. The Solar Temple's Demise
Conclusion
Appendix A. Additional Pictures
Appendix B Interview with Prof. Rabinovitch
Bibliography

From the Paper
"In the beginning, the People's Temple was based on Christian values and beliefs, over time Jones theories were what the People's Temple were based upon. The Bible was used less frequently, while Jones had several theories, which could be dismissed as insane. Jones believed he was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ, Buddha, Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Jones also theorized that fascists were going to take over America. He believed that the People's Temple would be singled out, because vandals and racists harassed the Church while it was based in Indianapolis. (The Devil's Party, 67) In addition, Jones proposed Revolutionary suicide, which means his followers would die in the name of himself."

Tags:false, issues, messiahs, psychology, societal

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of race in early television programming. Specifically, it discusses black women and the roles they played in early television.

From the Paper
""Beulah" had been a successful radio program before in debuted on television in 1950. It was the first show with a female African-American as the lead character. Beulah was a maid in a middle class white household, and the stereotypes continued from there. A history of the show notes, "Storylines tended to involve Beulah coming to the rescue of her employers, by providing a great spread of Southern cuisine to impress Mr. Henderson's business client, teaching the awkward Donnie how to dance jive and impress the girls, or saving the Henderson's stale marriage" (Bodroghkozy). Beulah was everything a post-war America expected of a black female on television. She was overweight, subservient, comical, devoted to the "white folks," and desperate for her boyfriend Bill to marry her. Many critics, black and white alike found the show simply perpetuated black stereotypes, and used blacks simply to make whites laugh. Their antics were perfect for the situation comedy format, because "they" were so different and so laughable to a largely white audience."

Tags:actor, bud, harris, oriole, situation, comedy, comic, relief, dianne, carroll, julia, nurse

Abstract
This paper the safety measures that must be taken in order to protect a handicapped, outspoken, white supremacist facing charges of homicide as he is being transported to court. In particular, the paper assesses the threats against which the person must be protected and details the steps that must be taken by the protective detail as they proceed from the individual's home to the court.

Table of Contents:
Scenario
Threat(s)
Efforts to Mitigate Risks
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The principal is a disabled white male in his 40s who is an outspoken white supremacist. He is currently contending with criminal charges related to homicide and the violation of civil rights, which has resulted in increased media attention and death threats. Furthermore, several white supremacist followers and individuals connected to the principal have been seriously injured or murdered. It has been theorized that these homicides are the direct result of a contending white supremacy group; however, little evidence has been found to support this theory. Regardless of the dangers posed against the principal, law enforcement protection has not been granted."

Tags:media, press conference, bullet-resistant vest, crowd sweep

Abstract
The paper analyzes the theme of the white supremist patriarchal hero through the pre and post World War II films of John Ford. The paper discusses how in "Drums Along the Mohawk", Gilbert is a white supremist patriarchal character that often appears to be exchanging gender roles with his wife, Lana, yet he is often the represented as the protector of his homestead, while his wife often takes domestic roles in the household.

Tags:society, anthro, history

Abstract
This paper begins by describing the strong influence white supremacist groups used to have in the United States, while questioning whether this influence still exists. In the years following the defeat of the Confederacy by the Union, resistance to Reconstruction and changes in the status of former African slaves was to emerge throughout the American South. Supremacist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camellia were formed in part by southern leaders in the 1860s to destroy the voting power of newly freed slaves and to do damage to carpetbag misrule. According to the paper, such organizations are restructuring themselves into survivalist groups that are calling for increased cultural separatism. The author further contends that such groups do exist and do exert an influence over American political and social systems, but their actual presence and influence in American life is most probably less than one might suspect.

From the Paper
"It was, however, the formal resistance to the policies of Reconstruction in the form of the Klan that most troubled race relations in the South during an long after Reconstruction. Martin and Roberts (1989, pp. 501 -502) quote a historian of the Klan who asserted that it "whipped, shot, hanged, robbed, raped and otherwise outraged Negroes and Republicans across the South in the name of preserving white civilization." A major goal of the Klan was to intimidate Republican voters and electoral candidates (including those Blacks who were affiliated with the Party) and to restore Democrats to office."

Tags:history, racism, bigotry, slavery

Abstract
Growth of Ku Klux Klan (KKK) . Discusses history of the KKK & other groups formed by Southern leaders to destroy the voting power of newly freed slaves. Terrorist activities of the Klan (cross burnings, lynchings). Resistance to policies of Reconstruction. Klan's call for "100 percent pure Americanism." Makeup of membership. New white supremacist groups.

From the Paper
"White Supremacy in America


In the years following the defeat of the Confederacy by the Union, resistance to Reconstruction and changes in the status of former African slaves was to emerge throughout the American South. Historian William Miller (1977) has pointed out that the "original" Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations such as the Knights of the White Camellia were formed in part by Southern leaders in the 1860s to destroy the voting power of newly freed slaves and to do damage to carpetbag misrule. Geoffrey Perrett (1989) has commented that during Reconstruction, when the original Klan was formed, the occupation armies of the Union were hard-pressed to prevent their terrorist activities - activities that virtually nullified the rights granted and guaranteed to former slaves under the Fourteenth Amendment. There was, says..."