Abstract
The paper provides an extensive literature review on the topic of communication among apes and discusses how it seems clear that apes can acquire some form of language and communicate with humans. The paper reveals that there is also evidence that apes may have a form of language of their own by which they communicate with each other. The paper discovers that apes would not normally acquire such capabilities on their own, but they can be trained to use language and respond to its meaning.

Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Research has been conducted for a long time on questions about the origin of language and how human beings first learned to speak. More recently, research has shifted to various primate studies as to whether or not other primates have what can be considered a language and in some cases whether apes can be taught to understand language and even to speak. Some of the early experiments in this area were seen as promising by some and as self-delusion by others, but the research continued and has produced a number of interesting results that may bring us closer to understanding the genesis of language and how widespread language is in the animal kingdom."

Tags:chimpanzees, language, acquisition, thought, processes

Abstract
The paper looks at a few studies conducted on apes and their ability to acquire language. The writer addresses the hypothesis that if researchers can learn how apes acquire language skills and how they process input from humans, it should be possible to communicate with them in a meaningful way. The paper presents a method of study, introducing the hypothesis and the test for reaching a conclusion.

From the Paper
"The design of the study would involve a comparison of the methods by which children and apes acquire language skills. The apes and humans tested would have to be raised from birth by the same caregivers and given the same exposure to language, either acquired by listening to it or acquired in specific teaching sessions. Learning of words and their association with objects would be studied first, then sentence recognition would be studied. Controls would be used to ensure that words and sentences were really recognized, and not just remembered by rote or by cues given unknowingly by the caregiver. These would involve presenting words or sentences in different orders, and varying the order of words in sentences."

Tags:testing, communication, verbal, humans

Abstract
This paper discusses the premise of Stanford's book, "The Hunting Apes", which contends that early human social formations were predicated on the acquisition and sharing of meat. The paper explains how Stanford, after exploring the role of female and male apes as hunters and consumers of meat, arrived at the conclusion that the acquisition and sharing of meat contributed to a "might-makes-right" form of patriarchy.

From the Paper
"Over the course of the last 100 years, consensus has varied greatly with respect to the emergence of mankind in Africa; especially with respect to temperament. These theories have met with everything from hearty praise to scornful denunciation; the book jacket to "African Genesis," published in the 1950's, includes the opinion of the New York Times: "The theories are wildly wrong." One of the most controversial subjects has been man's diet, and how that has had a bearing on the evolution of mankind. This is the subject of Craig Stanford's "The Hunting Apes," which portrays early human social formations as being predicated on the acquisition and sharing of meat."

Tags:meat-acquisition, theory, human, evolution, male, chauvanism, chimpanzees, patriarchy, primates, coalitions, forced, mating

Abstract
This paper briefly explains the "Man the Hunter" theory of human evolution and then offers a longer, more detailed explanation of the theory on human behavior put forward in Craig Stanford's book, "The Hunting Apes: Meat Eating and the Origins of Human Behavior". The paper also compares and contrasts the two theories and cites some of the criticisms of Stanford's theory.

From the Paper
"How behavior has evolved from our hominid ancestors to the present day has been a constant concern among anthropologists. Charles Darwin's paradigm of human evolution lacks direct evidence in fossil record to provide the basis for the reconstruction (Stanford 1999), which leads anthropological researchers to rely much on their imagination to do the job. In the process, biases result and lead to heated debates and further guesses, the most controversial topic of argument being the origin of hominid sex roles and differences - if early hominid male had a different behavioral adaptation from the female and if one dominated the other."

Tags:early, hominid, males, cooperative, groups, hunted, development, human, intellect, cognitive, attributes, meat-sharing, manipulative, distribution

Abstract
This paper reviews Colleen Purdon's bookf "Rural Women Speak about the Face of Poverty" which shows that women living in rural areas have as much problems with poverty as women living in urban areas. The paper further notes that while women are affected by poverty, little research has been completed on the problems that rural women who live in poverty have. The report shows why women live in poverty, the problems women have that are caused by poverty, the research methodology used, and the recommendations to help women who live in poverty.

From the Paper
"A review of 'Rural Women Speak about the Face of Poverty' written by Colleen Purdon (2002) shows that women living in rural areas have as much problems with poverty as women living in urban areas and in some cases, the problems of poverty are even worse. "Women are also affected by poverty in different ways, depending upon their age, race, ethnicity, linguistic background, ability, sexual orientation, citizenship etc." (Morris & Gonsalves, 2007, par. 2). While women are affected by poverty, little research has been completed on the problems that rural women who live in poverty have. The report shows why women live in poverty, the..."

Tags:women, rural, poverty

Abstract
This paper provides a response to Laurie Halse Anderson's novel "Speak", chronicling the life of a high school girl named Melinda. The analysis focuses on how the work reflects different aspects of feminism, Marxism, and psychology.

From the Paper
"In Laurie Halse Anderson's "Speak" we follow the social and academic disintegration of a female high school student named Melinda who was raped the summer before entering high school at a beer bash. In the novel, Anderson shows the difficulty for young women to fight for their rights and identity when they have a reluctance to be associated with the man-hating connotations of being labeled a feminist. Instead young girls like Melinda often fail to fight for themselves or fail to possess the knowledge and skills to..."

Tags:high school, patriarchy, rape, abuse, identity, high school, Marxism, psychology

Abstract
The paper examines the book, "Let Me Speak!", which is an autobiographical account of the experiences of Domitila Barrios De Chungara, a poor, Indian housewife and mother from the Siglo XX mines in Bolivia. The paper outlines Domitila's experiences and opinions on the Housewives' Committee of the Siglo XX Mine, her experiences growing up in poverty, the public school system, step parents, organized religion, male attitudes on female political participation, guerrillas, student activists, political parties, peasants, government repression, women's liberation and television.

From the Paper
"In her book, Domitila offers her experience in prison and the resultant death of her child as an example of the brutality she and other women have endured. Accusing her of acting as a guerrilla liaison, government agents jailed and interrogated her regardless of the fact that she was eight months pregnant (145). Angered that she refused to agree to the phony charges against her, she was beaten severely. When she bit her interrogator in an attempt to defend herself, they began to direct their threats at her unborn child (147). The mistreatment caused her to go into labor unaided in her cell, and when she regained consciousness, Domitila found her lifeless son on the floor."

Tags:women, liberation, guerrillas, government, repression, religion

Abstract
This paper looks at the differences between English and Korean as it pertains to three things: grammatical structure (word order); the use of English articles a, an, and the; and the demarcation of gender. The relevant linguistic properties for the three phenomena are described as follows: in the English language, the word order is subject, verb and object; in Korean, it is subject, object and then verb. The paper also discusses how people in English know when to use the indirect and direct article when speaking, but ESL learners may not know this; as far as the demarcation of gender goes, the pronouns, "he," and "she" do not exist in the Korean language. In fact, the paper notes that for the most part, there is no demarcation of gender in the Korean language.

From the Paper
"This paper looks at the differences between English and Korean as it pertains to three things: grammatical structure (word order); the use of English articles a, an, and the; and the demarcation of gender. The relevant linguistic properties for the three phenomena I am investigating can be described as follows: in the English language, the word order is subject, verb and object; in Korean, it is subject, object and then verb. Moving onward, people in English know when to use the indirect and direct..."

Tags:language, korean, english

Abstract
In memo form, the writer covers two examples of what is now called "doublespeak"- that is a deliberate use of language that is other than direct. The examples used are gobbledygook by Alan Greenspan, and euphemism, the use of the word "wellness" instead of health.

From the Paper
"TO: Marketing Department FROM: Director of Marketing SUBJECT: Language Problems Reaching the public- and our potential customer base- we need to communicate clearly and accurately. That means no so-called "double-speak." By definition "doublespeak is a deliberate calculated misuse of language" (Anon 1). Sometimes this type of language problem is used to try to create a certain feeling of "class" or even intellectual superiority. Sometimes, I am sorry to admit, it may be that members of ..."

Tags:language, communication

Abstract
This paper reviews an article by June Deery, which focuses on how Aldous Huxley presents technology, especially how it impacts on the social body as a whole and women in particular. The paper discusses the author's opinion that what is NOT said in the article about the position of women, speaks volumes on Huxley's view of women.

From the Paper
"The focus of Brave New World, as Deery states, is how changes in technology will impact on society. Huxley presents his views by describing a society that is based exclusively on technology. Birth, sex, raising children, and every other component of society is reduced to a technological focus. In presenting the society, all these technological innovations are commented on with the fault in the system being seen. This is achieved because Huxley takes the technology to the extreme. The fault in presenting women that Deery argues is based on comparing Huxley's treatment of technology to the treatment of women. As the author argues, while the technology-based society is commented upon by Huxley, the role of women in the society is not. By not commenting or questioning the role of women, Huxley is in fact saying that the treatment of women is acceptable. The problem in this thinking is related back to the purpose of the work. Huxley intended to focus on technology as part of society. To achieve this he took current society as it was and applied technology to it. Thus, maintaining women in their role may not be a comment on the future of women, but simply a reflection of their current place. The purpose of Huxley's work was not to focus on gender issues and this explains why they have not been commented upon."

Tags:sex, society, bias, brave, new, world, ape, essence, island, female