Abstract This paper presents the two most common forms of citation styles, the APA and MLA styles. The author describes when these formats are used and in which disciplines. The importance of using citations is also discussed as is the problem of plagiarism. The differences between the two citation styles are illustrated through the examples of title pages, in-text citations and bibliographies.
Outline:
Usage of Citation Method
Document Format
In-Text Citation
Works Cited
Footnotes and Endnotes
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "The Modern Language Association was begun in 1883 as a form of collaboration for those in the scholarly arena (Modern Language Association 2004). The standards for the citation of resources in scholarly writings was the outcome of such an effort to create a standard and formal method of giving credit to the authors whose work is utilized in an academic manner. Currently, the sixth edition is available. Most usage of MLA is found in the liberal arts and humanities (Stolley 2006). "
Abstract This paper investigates the efficacy and utility of recent changes made to the APA code of ethics. Specifically, the paper compares the 1992 and 2002 APA code of ethics to assess the extent to which the code protects individuals taking psychological tests from having their scores exposed to the media and other organizations that might abuse them.
Outline
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusions
From the Paper "There are many different types of psychological tests used to assess an individual's personality type and mental health status. Unfortunately the potential for abuse of psychological tests is high. Langley (2004) points out that tests are often administered by individuals that are not trained psychological professionals, and such individuals typically won't take into consideration factors that can affect individual performance, thus make judgment based on data that may not be 100 percent valid."
Abstract This paper examines two sections of the APA's code of ethics: confidentiality and discrimination. It looks at an instance wherein the APA code of ethics offends the writer's personal beliefs and an instance where the code is in accordance with the writer's beliefs. The paper explains how one must never allow personal sensibilities to intrude upon the professional discharge of duties. The paper then discusses the case of a daughter accusing her father of rape, and the ethical obligations of the counselor according to the APA code of ethics. In addition, the writer relates that she values confidentiality, but believes that confidentiality cannot be absolute and something as serious as an allegation of sexual assault must be brought to the attention of the father - as long as reasonable precautions have been undertaken.
From the Paper "To begin with, this writer finds little in the APA Code of Ethics that is cause for concern. In particular, section 3.01 of the APA's 2003 Code of Ethics takes a strong stance on the issue of unfair discrimination, stating that discriminating against any party on the basis of age, gender, race, religious affiliation or sexual orientation - among several others - is abominable and unacceptable. As someone who has long been opposed to discrimination in all its forms, obeying this injunction is something that will cause little trouble for this counselor. On the other hand, my own strong feelings about the need to maintain confidentiality - and my recognition that confidentiality is something which cannot always be maintained - is an area that is sure to cause me some significant angst insofar as my professional obligations run counter to my own personal belief system and my own conviction that confidential disclosures from a young person should not be circulated to other members of the group."
Abstract This paper explains that, when creating a written work, a writer often turns to other sources for information and confirmation of their ideas, which need to be given credit for their content. The formatting of these citations and references and the general formatting of the paper itself are specified by several organizations. The author points out that APA, MLA and Harvard, the three of the most common formatting styles used today, have many similarities including the inclusion of the author's surname or an abbreviated title when an author is not available for in text citations; however, the inclusion of the year of publication and/or the page number differs according to the style. The paper relates that, the reference list of the works cited also differs in style, yet typically contains similar information, giving the reader the ability to investigate the cited work.
Table of Contents
Introduction
APA Format
MLA Format
Harvard Format
Conclusion
From the Paper "The first step is to identify the author of the electronic source. This is sometimes not identified. In those instance, the page title is substituted for the author's surname in the in text citation, surrounded by parentheses. Date of publication must also be determined, as well as the URL of the electronic source. The full URL should be provided to direct the reader exactly to the source, and not just the main page of the material. With direct quotes, where page numbers are normally applied in the Harvard style, these are omitted, as they typically don't exist in electronic source materials."
Abstract This undergraduate level psychology paper is a brief examination of the 1991 APA document, "Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct". It looks at the reason for its inception, the structure of the document, and the intent for its use. It concludes that the code is indeed a blueprint for the best behavior and conduct among its adherents. 5pgs. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
This paper examines the issue of sex between therapists and their patients, as well as the potential problems that could arise from such relationships.
Abstract The writer of this paper contends that the issue of sex between therapists and their patients is not a new one, and that the potential problems that could arise from such a relationship have been considered since the beginnings of the practice of therapy. From the beginning of the modern therapeutic relationship, therapists have themselves recognized the harm that could result from sexual involvement with patients. Such prohibitions within the field of medicine as a whole have ancient roots: The Hippocratic oath, which forbid doctors to have sex with their patients so as to preserve the sanctity of their relationship. This paper details various reports and studies on this subject. The American Psychological Association (APA) suspends or expels 12 of its members each year on average for various forms of patient exploitation, of which almost all are sexual. Studies have shown that a number of specific characteristics make certain attributes of patients more sexually attractive. These include: Physical attractiveness, positive mental or cognitive traits and sexuality. This paper explores the various courses of action to be taken if a client feels exploited in anyway by his/her therapist. This paper also details the potential problems, to the patient that could arise from such a relationship which include: The client having difficulty in trusting future therapists. They are not able to make changes without trusting the therapist. The client may sit huddled, avoid making eye contact, withhold important information or may even cancel appointments.
From the Paper "It is critical for the therapist to seek help from a friend, supervisor or any one else who can help ensure that the therapist does not act in a manner that will interfere with the client's best interests. The APA had strict guidelines and ethical principles, along with a formal code of conduct, to help its members set boundaries for themselves in Document four. In Document four, it explains how a therapist should conduct himself or herself when they face with a possible sexual relationship with a client. It is obvious that the APA Stance of therapist and client relations is very strict. And, the study that was conducted by Pope Ken Velter in 1972 is very true for the modern society."
Abstract An annotated bibliography is provided in APA format that features thirteen resources that pertain to environmentalism, pollution, the ESA, the EPA and other similar topics.
Tags: transportation, blue line, economic development, water resources, public policy, ozone emissions, global warming, urban development, legislation, Clean Air Act forest service
From the Paper "Paunonen, Zeidner, Oosterveld and Maliphant (2000) used a novel personality inventory called The Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire consisting of 136 items that measured the 16 personality traits of: affiliation, exhibition, play, nurturance, aggression, dominance, achievement, endurance, order, impulsivity, social recognition, succorance, autonomy, thrill-seeking, sentience and understanding. The subjects were asked to estimate the likelihood that they would engage in such behavior or the like, for example, a drawing of an upside-down person on a chord attached to a ledge would be the equivalent of " I like bungee jumping? in a worded personality test."
Tags:apa, cross, cultural, nonverbal, personality, psychology, questionnaire, research, study
Abstract This is a fake study written in APA format that concludes that one's level of prejudice affects the extent to which one will have their behavior affected by subliminal racial priming. This conclusion contrasts with Devine's theory of activated stereotypes and falls in line with several real studies that are cited in this paper. This paper has extensive introduction, method, results and discussion sections as well as a full reference section. It also includes some of the "materials" supposedly used during the experiment. The conclusion is hardly controversial and the results are consistent with results that have been found in similar experiments that were actually carried out.
From the Paper "While society continues to become less overtly racist and prejudiced in general (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998), the relationship between stereotypes and behavior remains an important focus of social psychology. This is especially true given the results of several different lines of research over the last 15 years that suggest that stereotypes wield a covert, but strong power to affect behavior even in people who do not endorse - even in those who strongly deny - the validity of the stereotypes (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton & Williams, 1995; Devine, 1989). The true force of stereotypes is even more alarming based on research that shows how easily stereotypes can be activated in a wide variety of situations (e.g., Bargh, Chen & Burrows, 1996; Colcombe, 2001; Devine, 1989; Fazio et al, 1995; Lepore & Brown, 1997)."
Abstract This paper examines the effects of violent music as debated in Congress, the American Psychological Association, and parents, over why violent music encourages violence, especially rap and rock music.
From the Paper "In the aftermath of the Columbine High School shootings, fingers quickly pointed at the violent media favored by the killers: violent video games, Quentin Tarantino films, Marilyn Manson music. For decades, violent lyrics and themes in popular music have been targeted for being responsible for almost every social ill- from school violence to teenagers increasing disrespect towards their parents."
Abstract Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome as a psychological disorder. Changing definition of PTSD by the APA's Diagnostic & Statistical Manual (DMS). Contributive causes of PTSD. Practices relating to PTSD and the underlying concepts and assumptions. Characteristic symptoms. Psychotherapy and pharmacolgic treatment. Importance of diagnosis. Nursing interventions.
From the Paper "PTSD IN MALE SOLDIERS AND VETERAN POPULATIONS
Introduction: The Concept of PTSD as a Psychological Disorder
Over the last several decades, a great many books and journal articles have been written about Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD) in soldiers and veterans (e.g., Chalsma, 1998; Joseph, Williams & Rule, 1997; Zima, 2000). However, Cuervo-Rubio (2001) points out that it was not until 1980 that the American Psychiatric Association began to formally identify and acknowledge this disorder. At this time, Cuervo-Rubio states, the APA had a limited view of what could cause PTSD as well as a limited conceptualization of the disorder. In this regard, the APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) defined the condition as developing from an experience that anyone would find traumatic, leaving no room for individual perception or ..."
Abstract The author of this paper was the laboratory assistant of Dr. Ken Moan, a leader in research on sufferers of ADHD whose area of interest is in the nervous system reactivity of children with ADHD. When placed in this stressful situation, the ADHD child's nervous system overcompensates, causing the child to be highly aroused in situations where it is inappropriate. The paper describes an experiment where children were placed in a stressful situation. It looks at the research proposal, method and results. It also includes a full experiment protocol as an appendix.
From the Paper "Moan is now a School Psychologist, so this research seemed particularly important to his field. I began this project with little knowledge of the underlying causes of ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder). In fact, I knew the condition as ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), another condition that varies from ADHD in that children with ADHD have difficulties with hyperactivity and impulsivity, as well as inattention (Slavin, 1997). In Ken Moan's Thesis, Differential Reactivity and the Relationship to ADHD and non-ADHD Subjects, inattention in ADHD children is apparent by the child being distracted easily, not completing tasks, having trouble organizing work and requiring a larger amount of supervision that children at the same developmental level (1996). Moan further states that impulsively and hyperactivity are seem in excessive running and climbing, fidgeting, restlessness, as well as acting before thinking and having difficulty taking turns with other children (1996)."
Abstract Previous studies have not always resulted in consistent results on the success or lack of success while mainstreaming students with disabilites and special needs. The paper shows, however, that in 50 studies comparing the academic performance of mainstreamed and segregated students with mild handicapping conditions, the mean academic performance of the integrated group was in the 80th percentile, while the segregated students score was in the 50th percentile. This paper proposes a study to prove the marked improvement in the scholastic achievement of mainstreamed ADHD students participate.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Questions to be Asked by Parents / School
Ethical Questions
Definition of Subject / Participants
Hypothesis
Definition of Procedure
Sample Evaluation Form
Bibliography
From the Paper "Prior to mainstreaming, the family needs to be informed of what will transpire if the move to a regular classroom does not work out. What if a bully in the art class makes fun of the child s disability? Who handles that, if the teacher cannot always control the bully? What if the child is an African-American and the class he is moved into is largely Caucasian, with redneck roughnecks in the back of the room making racially inappropriate remarks? What if the child is Middle Eastern, with a name such as Mohammed, and rude boys in the new class re-name him bin Laden or another derogatory title?"
Abstract This analysis of the views of Romans and Greeks on citizenship in APA format and compares and contrasts both from the historical point of view.
Abstract This paper in APA style describes the implementation of TQM and manufacturing awards within the organization and suggests its benefits and drawbacks as a necessity to improvement and productivity. 20 pgs.
