Abstract
The paper describes first- and second-generation anti-psychotic pharmaceuticals used in treatment of major mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The paper includes the effects and benefits of these medications.

From the Paper
"Medications are used to treat symptoms of mental disorders including schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The medications known as anti-psychotics are commonly used to treat major mental disorders and fall into two categories, conventional or typical anti-psychotics such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol and perphenazine, and second generation or atypical anti-psychotics such as clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine. This essay will offer an overview of these medications drawing upon the literature to demonstrate that while effective anti-psychotic medications must..."

Tags:schizophrenia, anti-psychotic medications, bipolar disorder

Abstract
This paper explains that the Exelon patch is a means of dosing a patient with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease with rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. The author stresses that, based on clinical studies, rivastigmine is not recommended in the treatment of patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. The paper compares the physiology and use of this medication for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's dementia.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Difference between Use for Alzheimer's vs. Parkinson's Dementia
Physiologically Difference of these Two Dementias
Rivastigmine
Advantage of a "Patch
"Moderate" Dementia
Implications of the Health Issue
Circumstances Contributed to this Current Health Care Issue
Implications for Dental Hygienist

From the Paper
"Treating a patient with Alzheimer's disease with rivastigmine may create false hopes in the caregiver's mind, which affects the economic, social, lifestyle, legal, political, medical and ethical considerations of both patient and caregiver. If the drug, which seems to promise delay of full-time care of a progressive disease, does not deliver this delay, the expectations and therefore the planning of future activities and care are deeply affected. Liability increases on the part of diagnostician, the one prescribing the drug and the administrator."

Tags:parkinson liability expectations, dental hygienist, memory

Abstract
The paper reviews nine studies to explore how medical leadership and the treatment team proceed with their discussion of the prognosis and the patient's recommended treatment, and to determine whether the patient's and/or the patient's guardian's priorities and values are taken into consideration. The paper attempts to evaluate whether the medical staff and the treatment team narrow the options available to the patient as a way of persuading them to seek the preferred treatment of the medical staff and the treatment team. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"Preserving the life of severely ill newborns and critically ill adults in intensive care units by the hospital's medical leadership and its treatment team continues to be explored in the field of medical ethics. More studies are needed to investigate the influential procedures used by the medical leadership and their treatment team when offering treatment options to patients and/or the patient's guardian: the tactics used; how these tactics affect the patient's decision, the outcome of the patient, and the doctor-patient relationship. Also, there needs to be more analysis to investigate if the medical staff and the treatment team minimizes or maximizes their different prognoses and treatments to help preserve the lives of critically ill newborns and adults."

Tags:intensive, care, ethics, decisions

Abstract
The paper questions whether there is any evidence that increased levels of anxiety result in a higher incidence of substance abuse. People who are very anxious may consume larger quantities of alcohol, smoke more heavily or resort to drugs as a way of self medication in treating an anxiety disorder. The paper relates that the higher the levels of self-reported anxiety,the more difficult it is to complete a treatment program, with the possibility that the person will return to the disorder of abuse on completing the program. The paper continues and discusses subtle affinities of anxiety disorders with that of substance abuse, by indicating that there are minor differences between the amount of abuse by alcoholics who have anxiety disorders, and those that do not. This indicates that anxiety disorders are an independent factor in the study of substance abuse.

From the Paper
"However, trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with negative substance abuse consequences, i.e., relapses even after treatment. Trait anxiety levels were also negatively correlated with the number of days an individual spent in treatment. In other words, the more anxiety problems that an individual experienced, the more likely it was that they would be substance abusers and the longer it would take for that individual to successfully complete the treatment program. Additionally, both state and trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with the level of addiction that the individual expressed, as measured and documented by the researchers (O'Leary et al., 2000). The implication of this finding is obvious: the higher the level of anxiety that an individual experience--in other words, the greater the possibility of an anxiety disorder--the more likely it would be for that individual to have a greater substance abuse problem."

Tags:anxiety, abuse, self, medication, alcohol, drugs

Abstract
This paper examines how communication is an integral part of our everyday lives and how humans need communication to express thoughts, feelings, and emotions to each other. It shows how social anxiety can affect communication, cognition, social performance, and self-esteem. It looks at several studies that have been conducted to reduce anxiety among socially anxious people and discusses the treatment options used to alleviate anxiety.

From the Paper
"To a greater extent, Marshall and colleagues (1992) used term flooding instead of systematic desensitization. They attempted to streamline training by eliminating systematic desensitization and extending the practice component to a more "flooding like" treatment (Marshall et al, 1992). In this treatment, flooding subject was required to speak before a group for as long as necessary to reduce anxiety. Anxiety reduction was defined in terms of any behavioral signs of distress and a self-reported anxiety state (Marshall et al, 1992). If the subject indicated they were no longer anxious, but the therapist noticed some persisting signs such as stuttering or nervousness in the voice, the subject was asked to continue until all the signs were absent (Marshall et al, 1992)."

Tags:flooding, systematic, desensitization, performance, emotions

Abstract
This paper examines how research indicates that there is a sharp rise in spending on anxiety related medications in America and how although pharmaceuticals are not the only means of addressing anxiety related conditions, they are prominent, as evidenced by research. The paper looks at different types of drugs such as SSRI's (selective Serotoin reuptake inhibitors) and antidepressants. The paper also attempts to show that a comprehensive examination of the most common anxiety related medications reveals a surprising amount of side effects.

Outline:
Abstract
Body of the Report
Conclusion

From the Paper
"We have mentioned two primary forms of pharmaceuticals; however, we have not encompassed the entire range of pharmaceuticals which may be prescribed and taken for anxiety. Let us cover newer medications to make a more comprehensive checklist. Cymbalta is the name of another medication, and types of cymbalta are dulotexetine and Eli Lilly. This type of pharmaceutical focuses on serotonin levels, serotonin being the chemical the body manufactures to avoid or alleviate depression and keep chemicals balanced within the brain, whereby Cymbalta is "a selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant approved for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)." This was approved only a few years ago, in 2004 and targets major depressive disorder in adults, of which anxiety disorders is a common symptom. "

Tags:antidepressants, Inhibitors, serotonin

Abstract
This paper discusses anxiety disorders and how they affect people who suffer from them. The writer explains the disorder and some of the available therapies, and then ties them together so that the reader can clearly understand how the therapies and theories behind them can be used in the modification of behavior in individuals with anxiety disorder. In this way, the paper shows how many individuals can be helped and freed from the self-imposed prison that their disorder has created.

Outline:
Introduction
Anxiety
Gestalt Therapy
Paradoxical Treatments
Conclusion: Where Anxiety and Theory Meet

From the Paper
"When panic attacks continue to occur, the person is then said to have panic disorder or anxiety disorder. Social anxiety is the term used when these panic attacks are caused by social situations. Someone with anxiety disorder may feel perfectly fine when they are at home, and this may not change around a group of people that they know well, such as their close friends and family. Often their interactions with others seem totally normal in a social setting, as long as they are comfortable with their surroundings and comfortable with the people who are near them."

Tags:Paxil, psychotherapy, phobia, anti-social, Wertheimer, hospital, depression, control

Abstract
The paper defines the incidence of depression and notes that it affects all persons, irrespective of race, background or gender. The paper discusses conventional medical methods of treatment and then extrapolates with sources in detail, case studies of the methods and successes achieved through acupuncture.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Discussion
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Mr. K first showed signs and symptoms of a major depression mood disorder in March 2003. He functioned poorly at home and at work for approximately two months. He lost interest in the usual things he did and withdrew socially. He could not make decisions as easily as before. He had trouble sleeping and getting out of bed. He lost zest. He lacked concentration and motivation. He suffered from poor memory, poor appetite and non-specific physical symptoms.. He also blamed himself for his low spirits. He was anxious, sad and irritable. Up to March 2005, all his treatments failed. His resistant depression was disabling. He continued to consult with Dr. Browne although he was not interested to pursue further medical treatment. At this point, Mohit Khosla suggested that he try acupuncture. The patient tried it and he said he had begun to feel better. He said he noticed significant improvement in his health. The dosage of his medication was reduced. He began to eat better, began socializing again, and his mood lifted. His motivation has, however, remained at a low level and he experiences some neuro-negative symptoms. "

Tags:medicine, depression, mental, health, acupuncture

Abstract
This paper discusses factors that interfere with adherence to established medical treatments for tuberculosis in minority populations within the United States. It examines medical, social and economic factors that influence the failure rate among patients with active tuberculosis to complete the recommended tuberculosis treatment regimen voluntarily.

From the Paper
"According to an essay published online by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tuberculosis is an increasing public health problem in the United States, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. The treatment program for tuberculosis is lengthy and complex. Most cases require patients to be treated with up to four drugs for a period of six months or longer. An ongoing challenge for public health officials in the United States is to ensure completion of..."

Tags:Medical, tuberculosis, multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, TB treatment, infection rates, minority populations, access to medical care, treatment protocols, adherence, failure rates

Abstract
This paper defines multiple sclerosis (MS) as a common neurological disorder responsible for substantial neurological morbidity. MS is an autoimmune disease that attacks the central nervous system, the spine and the brain. This paper evaluates and analyzes various published medical articles and research studies related to the treatment of MS. This paper discusses the use of interferon-beta-1a also known as Avonex, for the treatment of MS. The company that manufactures Avonex notes that while MS is an unpredictable disease in regards to symptoms, using Avonex as a once-a-week therapy can help slow the progression of disability in relapsing forms of MS. This paper contains case study results of patients with MS who used Avonex as well as other treatments and therapies.

Table of Contents:
What is Intramuscular Interferon Beta 1a Therapy?
Multiple Sclerosis and its Treatments
What is Avonex?
MS Footnotes
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Despite the setback experienced by Avonex and patient's preference for Comaxone, treatment of multiple sclerosis has come a long way. Before the investigation into interferons, physicians were only able to treat some of their MS patients with Prednisone or other immunosuppressives. The problem with Prednisone or Methotrexate (a drug used to treat cancer and also used to repress rejection of transplanted organs) were first they were not that effective and second they had long term side effects which included osteoporosis and high cholesterol for Prednisone and the possibility of catching an infection and dying with Methotrexate."

Tags:medical, drugs, treatment, avonex