Abstract The paper is personal account of one person's battle with bi-polar disorder and his desire to combat the disorder without the use of medication. The paper's writer describes his struggle with the disorder and his eventual success. The paper was presented as an admissions essay for law school.
From the Paper "Though I must admit, to most, this self-inflicted mental rehabilitation sounds more insane than the actual disorder, and there were several occasions where I thought someone else would be calling my mother to give her a final update on my condition, the end result was everything I hoped for and more. I still suffer bouts of depression and mania, but they do not impede my daily life; a few minor lifestyle adjustments in addition to what I learned those three months in Virginia turned debilitating mood swings into minor inconveniences. And I still here voices and noises if I am exhausted, but they have no more affect on me, as would a radio played in the background. Most importantly, I am no longer ashamed of my condition. I openly tell new friends and acquaintances so that they understand why on some days I am a cliche social butterfly and on others I am more reserved and introverted, or why on some nights I will be the last to bed and on others I am the first. I cannot honestly say I am glad to have gone through something like this, I would rather feel the way I did before the disorder's emergence. I can honestly say that I know now that no accomplishment is outside my grasp, and that adversity is best used as a motivation to achieve rather than as an excuse to fail.
Abstract This paper defines multiple sclerosis (MS) as a common neurological disorder responsible for substantial neurological morbidity. MS is an autoimmune disease that attacks the central nervous system, the spine and the brain. This paper evaluates and analyzes various published medical articles and research studies related to the treatment of MS. This paper discusses the use of interferon-beta-1a also known as Avonex, for the treatment of MS. The company that manufactures Avonex notes that while MS is an unpredictable disease in regards to symptoms, using Avonex as a once-a-week therapy can help slow the progression of disability in relapsing forms of MS. This paper contains case study results of patients with MS who used Avonex as well as other treatments and therapies.
Table of Contents:
What is Intramuscular Interferon Beta 1a Therapy?
Multiple Sclerosis and its Treatments What is Avonex?
MS Footnotes
Bibliography
From the Paper "Despite the setback experienced by Avonex and patient's preference for Comaxone, treatment of multiple sclerosis has come a long way. Before the investigation into interferons, physicians were only able to treat some of their MS patients with Prednisone or other immunosuppressives. The problem with Prednisone or Methotrexate (a drug used to treat cancer and also used to repress rejection of transplanted organs) were first they were not that effective and second they had long term side effects which included osteoporosis and high cholesterol for Prednisone and the possibility of catching an infection and dying with Methotrexate."
This paper examines the diagnosis and treatment of psychotic episodes and syndromes while focusing on the use of anti-psychotic drugs also known as neuroleptics.
Abstract This paper focuses on the use of anti-psychotic (neuroleptic) drugs which are an essential treatment method in controlling psychotic behavior. The writer of this paper examines how and when certain types of neuroleptic medications are used. Psychotic behavior is qualified as the persistent manifestation of hallucinations, delusions, agitation or disorganized thinking. Psychotic syndromes are characterized on a chemical basis by faulty neurotransmitter production, emission and uptake. Neuroleptics, now known as old or traditional anti-psychotics, work to inhibit the excess dopamine in the brain which result in psychotic behavior. This paper discusses the diagnosis and various treatments currently available for psychotic behavior, as well as their success rates. Despite the often unpleasant side effects and the chemical limitations of neuroleptics, despite their inability to truly end psychotic syndromes, they are a necessary part of treatment.
Table of Contents:
What Are Neuroleptics?
Why Are They Used?
How Do They Work?
How Are They Used?
Bibliography
From the Paper "When a patient has established a level of efficacy along with stable, manageable side effects, secondary drugs are often prescribed to help manage those side effects. The most common combination is neuroleptic, antiparkinsonian agent, and anti-depressant. Antiparkinsonian agents are far and away the single most common, as 70% of all known neuroleptics cause extra-pyramidal symptoms. Diuretics, anti-inflammatories, and mild stimulants are also common to counteract the more physical discomforts of neuroleptic use. Of particular interest when prescribing and using narcoleptics is the prevention of tardive dyskinesia, which was a nearly inevitable side effect from prolonged use of anti-psychotics."
Abstract This well-researched paper examines the rising numbers of people diagnosed with various forms of generalized anxiety disorders. According to the National Institute of Mental Health generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) are one of the most common mental illnesses in the U.S. with more than 23 million people diagnosed each year. This paper details various varieties of anxiety disorders which fall under the heading of GAD, including: Panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder. This paper details the causes and symptoms of GAD as well as the available effective treatments which include: medication, specific forms of psychotherapy known as behavioral therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, or a combination of medication and non-medication therapies. This paper also cites the results of a specific case study which ascertained the relative value of medication combined with traditional group therapy versus cognitive therapies alone in treating GAD.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Procedure/Method
Review of the Literature
Summary
References
From the Paper "To ascertain the relative value of medication combined with traditional group therapy vs. cognitive therapies alone in treating generalized anxiety disorder, two groups of young to middle-aged groups were initiated. Each group began with four members, drawn from clients of an Employee Assistance Program; all had developed generalized anxiety disorder after being transferred or otherwise coming under the supervision of various types of ineffective, antisocial, overbearing or micromanaging bosses. All of the participants were looking for other employment, but all had to cope with the situation as is in the meantime; with a soft job market, none expected to be able to wait it out without help and also, many had expressed a need to overcome the anxiety to make the job search possible."
An examination of the relationship between anxiety disorders & substance abuse and whether substance abuse can be viewed as a product of anxiety disorders.
Abstract The paper questions whether there is any evidence that increased levels of anxiety result in a higher incidence of substance abuse. People who are very anxious may consume larger quantities of alcohol, smoke more heavily or resort to drugs as a way of self medication in treating an anxiety disorder. The paper relates that the higher the levels of self-reported anxiety,the more difficult it is to complete a treatment program, with the possibility that the person will return to the disorder of abuse on completing the program. The paper continues and discusses subtle affinities of anxiety disorders with that of substance abuse, by indicating that there are minor differences between the amount of abuse by alcoholics who have anxiety disorders, and those that do not. This indicates that anxiety disorders are an independent factor in the study of substance abuse.
From the Paper "However, trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with negative substance abuse consequences, i.e., relapses even after treatment. Trait anxiety levels were also negatively correlated with the number of days an individual spent in treatment. In other words, the more anxiety problems that an individual experienced, the more likely it was that they would be substance abusers and the longer it would take for that individual to successfully complete the treatment program. Additionally, both state and trait anxiety levels were positively correlated with the level of addiction that the individual expressed, as measured and documented by the researchers (O'Leary et al., 2000). The implication of this finding is obvious: the higher the level of anxiety that an individual experience--in other words, the greater the possibility of an anxiety disorder--the more likely it would be for that individual to have a greater substance abuse problem."
Abstract This paper contends that, based on the study of different kinds of depression and the symptoms of each, prescription medication is not needed to treat these symptoms because there are so many other alternative therapy methods. The paper relates that alternative medicine consists of herbal treatments, cognitive therapy, psychotherapy, support groups, use of dietary supplements, electroconvulsive therapy, exercise, phototherapy, aromatherapy, touch therapy, talk therapy, acupuncture treatments, and enjoying fun or new activities on a daily basis. It then discusses that many of these therapy methods are inexpensive in comparison to prescriptions and that the advantages of alternative medicine far outweigh the advantages of antidepressants for treatment of depression.
From the Paper "The closest thing to prescription medication, without the harmful side-effects, is herbal medicine. One very popular herbal treatment is known as St. John's Wort. This herb contains the same MAO inhibitors that are used in antidepressants, hereby having the same general effects that increase the serotonin levels in the brain (Depression.com Internet). Herbs are a lot less expensive than antidepressants as well. St. John's Wort costs, on average, about one dollar a day. This is opposed to the eight dollars that would be spent on an antidepressant drug. In Germany, where St. John's Wort outsells all other antidepressants combined, a study shows that it is just as effective as an antidepressant for treating mild to moderate depression in 50-80% of the patients involved in the study (Lesie 1A). Another common herb being used is called Gingko, which improves blood flow to the brain. It can be useful for strokes and memory loss that sometimes go hand in hand with depression. "
Tags: psychotherapy, psychotic, aromatherapy, support, groups
Abstract This paper discusses anxiety related disorders, looking in particular at general anxiety disorder, or GAD. The author describes the factors that may increase the risk of developing a generalized anxiety disorder and studies the implications of GAD which may include depression, insomnia and substance abuse. The paper also lists possible ways and coping techniques to treat GAD - such as medication, exercise and yoga.
From the Paper "The right medication and exercise program can be beneficial for those coping with generalized anxiety disorder. GAD affects many adults as well as children. Not only do physicians and people in the medical field need to know about GAD, but teachers do too. There are many different accommodations used in schools today for children with GAD. They have developed relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, to help reduce anxiety at school. They have provided the students with alternative calming activities, such as reading or listening to music."
Abstract The paper explains that the purpose of this study is to illustrate how lack of familial communication and self-esteem, compounded by emotional abuse, can lead to generalized anxiety and diminished self- regulatory patterns, associated with anxiety sensitivity disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy is integrated into the findings of the study and presented as a treatment alternative. The client selected for this study is a 45 year old Caucasian woman with a history of anxiety. The paper explains the anxiety disorder and discusses the use of cognitive behavior therapy to help people with anxiety transform maladaptive thinking patterns into more positive and self promoting behaviors.
Outline:
Introduction
Etiology and Factors Influencing Anxiety Sensitivity
Theoretical Basis for Clinical Treatment Client History
Case Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "The client selected for this study is a 45 year old Caucasian woman with a history of anxiety. The selection is based on the following interest areas (1) the clients perceived inability to take charge or control of her personal situation and subsequently, control of her child (2) the client's history of apparent indirect emotional abuse at the hands of her husband and (3) the client developed anxiety in response to the difficulty she is experiencing in her relationships with her husband and son which ultimately serve to impair her daily living, meeting the criteria for affective disorders including depression and anxiety, but more specifically for anxiety sensitivity and generalized anxiety disorder (Bowman, et al. 1997; Reiss, 1991)."
This paper analyzes and examines anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder, including treatments available and recommendations for improving the awareness of these disorders.
Abstract Anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder are two of the most devastating psychological illnesses. Providing a concise and detailed overview of the various types of anxiety disorders and the different stages of bipolar disorder, as well as a discussion of treatment options, the author argues that while improvements have been made to the treatment and understanding of these illnesses, further improvements are necessary, including the integration of drug therapy and psychotherapy.
From the Paper "Despite the increasing awareness, education, knowledge, treatment, and understanding of psychological disorders, there is still no clear-cut, quick fix, and uniform method available to diagnose and/or eliminate (or at least reduce) mental illnesses and psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder are two of the most common mental illnesses that prevent an individual from functioning normally. While most individuals may arguably prefer to remain ignorant of the existence of anxiety disorders and/or bipolar disorder, the fact is that more than 23 million individuals suffer from anxiety disorders (Harvard, 1) while more than 3 million individuals suffer from bipolar disorder (Hollandsworth)."
Abstract The paper examines how the symptoms of fear and anxiety in canines can range the entire spectrum from mild to life-threatening conditions. The paper discusses the help that pet owners, military and police dog handlers, veterinarians and others concerned about the welfare of their animals will need when confronted with these types of conditions in their household dogs and other canines. The paper provides an overview of the problem including causes and symptoms of fear and anxiety in canines, followed by a critical analysis of the current and peer-reviewed literature concerning the pharmacological treatment of these disorders today. A summary of the research and salient findings are provided in the conclusion.
Outline:
i)Introduction
ii)Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Causes and Symptoms of Fear and Anxiety in Canines
Pharmacological Treatment of Fear and Anxiety in Canines
Table I
iii)Conclusion
iv)References
From the Paper "From a clinical perspective, Sher and Trull (1996) note that there are a number of naturally occurring behavior disorders that are typically treated in veterinary practices that may have relevance to a number of human conditions; these conditions include, but are not limited to, stereotypic disorders (e.g. excessive grooming), aggression, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, hyperactivity, and sleep disorders. These authors add that researchers generally use a wide variety of experimental manipulations to induce specific signs and symptoms or more complex syndromes in animals that have some similarity to human psychopathologic phenomena with the majority of these behavior disorders in animals (Sher & Trull, 1996)."
Abstract This paper examines how anxiety disorders and phobias are some of the most common emotional disorders that people can have and how their commonality, however, does not make them any more pleasant or easy to deal with for those who are suffering from them. It looks at how anxiety disorders can take many different forms, which further complicates the matter, and how there are about as many phobias as there are things to have phobias about. It discusses how A.T. Beck has written an interesting and informative book on anxiety and phobias, taking the cognitive approach to their treatment. This paper examines Beck's book and the issue of anxiety disorders and phobias in general.
From the Paper "As can be seen, general anxiety disorder is not a pleasant thing. It leaves the sufferer unable to stop worrying for a significant amount of time. Worse, those worries and the physical symptoms associated with them begin to interfere in the person's daily life. Often tranquilizers or other psychotropic drugs are needed to combat this disorder and to bring the person back into a normal frame of mind. Cognitive therapy is very helpful in this area, as well. The cognitive therapist will ask the person a series of probing, Socratic questions, trying to determine the underlying cause of the worrying and the symptoms associated with it. This method of treatment is often very effective, and drugs, if they are needed, can usually be discontinued after successful treatment by a cognitive therapist."
This paper examines the issue of sex between therapists and their patients, as well as the potential problems that could arise from such relationships.
Abstract The writer of this paper contends that the issue of sex between therapists and their patients is not a new one, and that the potential problems that could arise from such a relationship have been considered since the beginnings of the practice of therapy. From the beginning of the modern therapeutic relationship, therapists have themselves recognized the harm that could result from sexual involvement with patients. Such prohibitions within the field of medicine as a whole have ancient roots: The Hippocratic oath, which forbid doctors to have sex with their patients so as to preserve the sanctity of their relationship. This paper details various reports and studies on this subject. The American Psychological Association (APA) suspends or expels 12 of its members each year on average for various forms of patient exploitation, of which almost all are sexual. Studies have shown that a number of specific characteristics make certain attributes of patients more sexually attractive. These include: Physical attractiveness, positive mental or cognitive traits and sexuality. This paper explores the various courses of action to be taken if a client feels exploited in anyway by his/her therapist. This paper also details the potential problems, to the patient that could arise from such a relationship which include: The client having difficulty in trusting future therapists. They are not able to make changes without trusting the therapist. The client may sit huddled, avoid making eye contact, withhold important information or may even cancel appointments.
From the Paper "It is critical for the therapist to seek help from a friend, supervisor or any one else who can help ensure that the therapist does not act in a manner that will interfere with the client's best interests. The APA had strict guidelines and ethical principles, along with a formal code of conduct, to help its members set boundaries for themselves in Document four. In Document four, it explains how a therapist should conduct himself or herself when they face with a possible sexual relationship with a client. It is obvious that the APA Stance of therapist and client relations is very strict. And, the study that was conducted by Pope Ken Velter in 1972 is very true for the modern society."
Abstract This paper explains that anxiety and depressive disorders are very common,. The author points out that case studies confirm that they can be treated effectively with cognitive behavioral therapy, known as CBT. The paper states that, considering the positive results achieved through CBT, it is unfortunate that most people suffering from anxiety disorders or depression do not seek professional treatment because of a lack of relevant information, inadequate financial resources or limited access to professional practitioners.
From the Paper "Anxiety and depressive disorders are very common, but case studies have confirmed that they can be effectively treated with cognitive behavioral therapy, otherwise known as CBT. Considering the positive results achieved through CBT, it is unfortunate that most people suffering from anxiety disorders or depression do not seek professional treatment because of a lack of relevant information, inadequate financial resources, or limited access to professional practitioners. Subsequently, alternate effective interventions for mental health problems such as anxiety, panic attacks, and depression should be made available to the general public in Canada through the promotion and dissemination of self-help materials."
Abstract This paper discusses the ethics and legal standards in the therapist/client relationship. The writer notes that standards of ethics and law in conducting oneself as a therapist have been established by peer review professionals with input from legal advisory sources, and the standards and rules are intended to keep the therapist and the patient physically and mentally safe, and to protect the patient's confidentiality and privacy. The writer maintains that it is these ground rules that provide the basis of trust that is tangential to the therapist/client relationship in order that together they are able to work through those issues that caused the patient to seek professional guidance in his or her life. This study examines the therapist/client relationship and looks at the ethics and legal ground rules upon which they conduct their relationship.
Outline:
Introduction
Informed Consent
The Environmental Framework
What it Means
Public Response
From the Paper "That physicians were held in such high esteem by their patients reflects the level of confidence that arises out of the patient/physician relationship. That relationship is special, because it normally involves a patient who is suffering, either mentally or physically, some malaise for which they are seeking medical care. This causes the patient to be psychologically and physically vulnerable. The physician comes to represent something greater than the patient's self; almost a god-like entity as might be perceived by the patient because of their reduced physical or mental ability to function in their life.
"Now we can begin to understand why the professional relationship that is established between the therapist and the patient is, from the immediate start, one that needs to be clearly defined and conducted so that the boundaries of professional guidance to personal improvement can be established. Ignoring those boundaries is dangerous to the therapists' professional status, and to the best interest of the patient."
Abstract The paper addresses the question of whether forcing individuals into behavioral health treatments becomes effective, or demonstrates a cure. It is contended that forcing an individual into any type of psychological treatment is ineffective, as healing requires both the therapist, as a guide, and the patient to have the desire for change. However, the paper also notes that while some work with patients may demonstrate temporary aid to individuals who are experiencing psychological crisis, in order to be successful a partnership is needed between the therapist and the patient.
From the Paper "Individuals, regardless of their mental conditions, should be capable of maintaining their rights as human beings. Additionally, there have been many research studies that have indicated that a patient derives nothing from treatment when that individual is not willing to participate in the work that is needed to achieve a positive outcome in treatment. While it is further evident that some individuals must be subjected to treatment in extreme emergency situations, it is contended that forced treatment should not be a consideration in mental health because it takes both the psychologist and a willing patient in order to achieve healing."
