Abstract
The paper discusses the case of "San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez" which dealt with the method of financing public education in Texas.

From the Paper
"Over the course of the past three or more decades, school finance reform has become a controversial issue that has resulted in numerous courtcases. School finance litigation has been addressed at the state district and national levels. The case to be analyzed herein is "San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez" - a case originating in Texas in which a federal district court declared in ... that the Texas school finance system was unconstitutional in..."

Tags:San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez, school financing

Abstract
The paper discusses the 1959 novel "Pocho" by Jose Antonio Villarreal that shows the political as well as the economic reasons for Mexican-American difficulties with assimilating into American society. The paper explores how the immigrant son, Richard, experiences the classical American identity crisis that particularly afflicts recent immigrants and members of races deemed to be 'minorities.' The paper posits that Pocho is perhaps most useful to us today as an example of how far America has come, in terms of racial and cultural understanding. The paper adds that this novel also acts as a reminder of how second generation immigrants will have a different relationship with their home nation than their parents, often causing inter-family tensions.

Outline:
Overview
Reaction
Applications to Cross-Cultural Psychology

From the Paper
"The 1959 novel Pocho by Jose Antonio Villarreal is a quintessentially American novel in the ways that it details the often painful process of assimilation of a new immigrant group into America. Pocho details the migration of the Rubio family heading north from Mexico after the Mexican Revolution. It portrays the family as leaving Mexico as part of a general migration pattern, typical of previous generations of American immigrants. The Rubio family "came on--insensitive to the fact that even though they were not stopped, they were not really wanted. It was the ancient quest for El Dorado, and so they moved onward, west to New Mexico and Arizona and California, and as they moved, they planted their new seed" (Villarreal 15). Yet unlike previous immigrants the Rubios almost immediately encounter racism, and learn the sad lesson that a Mexican-American must never call a white man a liar."

Tags:identity, crisis, minorities, culture, Chicano

Abstract
The paper discusses the life of Antonio Vivaldi, on of the most notable Italian composers and violinists whose operas and concertos greatly impacted the cultural world of the 18th century. The paper discusses Vivaldi's development as a music composer working for the Pieta and Teatro Sant' Angelo opera theaters. The paper then discusses the success of Vivaldi's operas in Venice.

From the Paper
"Antonio Vivaldi is one of the most notable Italian composers and violinists and his creations are known and played worldwide. During his lifetime, Vivaldi managed to create unforgettable operas and concertos that have greatly impacted the cultural world of the 18th century and continue to exist as genuine works of art today.
"He was born in 1678, in Venice, and he discovered his musical talent with the help of his father, a violinist that played at St. Marco Cathedral in Venice. It was his father that encouraged and taught Antonio how to play the violin."

Tags:opera, concerto, compositions, Pieta, Teatro, Sant', Angelo, theater

Abstract
This paper describes the life, poetry and politics of Puerto Rican political activist, Juan Antonio Corretjer. The paper also describes and analyzes some of Corretjer's writings and explains how they reflected Corretjer's political ideology as well as his infatuation with the beauty of Puerto Rico.

From the Paper
"Juan Antonio Corretjer was born March 3, 1908 into a very political family. His father and uncles were involved in the Ciales Uprising in 1898, which protested the United States occupation of Puerto Rico. Corretjer was introduced to politics early in his life, when he accompanied his father and uncles to political rallies (Wikipedia). His political career continued in elementary school, when Corretjer joined the Literary Society of Jose Gautier Benitez, which was later renamed the Nationalist Youth ("Juan Antonio Correjter"). By eighth grade, Corretjer had more fully assimilated the beliefs of his family and was already demonstrating the beginnings of his career as a political activist; he organized a student protest against American authority in his town (Wikipedia). As result, Corretjer was expelled from school. In fact, Corretjer was not permitted to attend any schools in his municipality. Instead, he had to go to school in Vega Baja."

Tags:cuba, anti-batista, independence, pedro, albizu, campos, nationalist, leader, secretary, general, party

Abstract
This paper discusses Barcelona's famous architect, Antonio Gaudi. The intrinsic relationship between the city and the architect is explored in the paper. The paper presents a brief biography of Gaudi and examines the general characteristics, influences, and styles of his work and creations. The paper describes three of Gaudi's many projects in Barcelona: the Sacred Family (La Sacrada Familia), La Pedrera (Casa Mila), and the Guell Park.

From the Paper
"As some who has visited Barcelona, one would perhaps always remember the historical area around Los Ramblas, the old Gothic Cathedral or the Olympic Stadium, as well as the special charm of the city, proud in its Catalan spirit, but there is little chance that something is likely to impress you more than the presence of Antoni Gaudi in the city, his modernist creations, his dedication to the city and, even more so, the intrinsic relationship between the city and the architect. Indeed, Gaudi has only worked and created in Barcelona and the city represented to Gaudi something that Aix-en Provence was for another artistic genius, Cezanne : place of inspiration and artistic evolution, but probably also the only place where the interior effervescence could be properly exploited."

Tags:cathedral, buildings, artist

Abstract
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) wrote nearly 500 concertos of various types, composed at least 50 operas and other vocal and instrumental pieces by the score, strongly influenced the direction of violin technique and was a primary influence on Johann Sebastian Bach. The paper shows, however, that for two centuries after his death, Vivaldi and his music sank into oblivion and were only resurrected in the latter half of the twentieth century. Despite this long absence, Vivaldi's reputation has revived swiftly. Although his vocal works and other instrumental pieces are not, as yet, well known, his concertos such as "Le Stagione" ("The Four Seasons"), are among the most popular of all Baroque and classic music today. The paper traces Vivaldi's life and music career and discusses several of his works.

From the Paper
"The works in L'estro armonico represented the concerto form "at its most balanced and typical moment" with only three retaining the old-fashioned slow movement at the beginning and the others in the quick-slow-quick form pioneered by Torelli (Palisca 165). Vivaldi wrote at least thirty concertos that retained this older form and, as Talbot notes, they were very often connected by title with the feast-day requirements of the Piet which seems to indicate that Vivaldi may have hoped "to add an extra touch of grandeur and solemnity by reverting to the four-movement cycle of the church sonata" (145). But, unlike the more sober magnificence of a Corelli concerto grosso or even Torelli's three-movement solo concertos, all of Vivaldi's writing in these early concertos unleashed a "torrent of emotions" that was "unlike anything ever written or at least published before" (Landon 43)."

Tags:Ospedale, della, Piet?, Giuseppe, Torelli

Abstract
This paper examines how Antonio Gaudi's architecture reflects many elements of Gothic architecture in its design and construction. It looks at how Gaudi's choice of using Gothic architecture was not simply a choice that was motivated by some strange aesthetic reasoning. It shows, through an analysis of Gaudi's interpretations of his work, how, in fact, he choose Gothic and Islamic influences that represented the shade and elements of the traditional architecture of Catalonia at the time, which was overwhelmingly Gothic.

From the Paper
"Part of the reasoning for Gaudi's choice of a Gothic style of architecture was due to influences beyond the purely aesthetic. To be certain, he had a great reverence for Gothic art and he appreciated some its most important ideas, especially those which dealt with the issue of monumentalism and the idea of the way the piece of architecture was perceived was more important than the regular formal design of the structure itself. However, for Gaudi, at this time, there was also a very sincere political element to the structure of his design as well. At this point, the region of Spain which he was from, Catalonia, was very much engaged in a nationalist revival and had desires to separate from the rest of Spain indeed, citizens of Catalonia even speak a different language, Catalan, than the language, known as Castilian, which we normally think of as "Spanish.""

Tags:islam, catalonia, la, segrada, familia, church

Abstract
This reviews the performance of Mexican Antonio Lopez De Santa Ana as a ruler and how effective was he in his role.

Abstract
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) wrote nearly 500 concertos of various types, composed at least 50 operas and other vocal and instrumental pieces by the score, strongly influenced the direction of violin technique, and was a primary influence on Johann Sebastian Bach.

From the Paper
"Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) wrote nearly 500 concertos of various types, composed at least 50 operas and other vocal and instrumental pieces by the score, strongly influenced the direction of violin technique, and was a primary influence on Johann Sebastian Bach. His career was characterized by great fame as a violin virtuoso, "enormous productivity and [an] unusually wide circulation of his music" (Talbot 1). Yet for two centuries after his death Vivaldi and his music sank into "utter oblivion" and were only resurrected in the latter half of the twentieth century (Landon 7). Despite this long absence Vivaldi's reputation has revived swiftly. Although his vocal works and other instrumental pieces are not, as yet, well known, he was one of the primary innovators of the concerto form and, appropriately, his concertos, such as the suite of four known as..."

From the Paper
"Jos? Antonio Villareal, in his novel Pocho, examines the subject of assimilation as it applies to the experiences of Richard Rubio and his parents and sisters. The Rubios are Mexicans attempting to start a new life in the United States, and the novel chronicles the difficulties they face. Because the story focuses on Richard, it is as much a coming-of-age story as one about assimilation. In fact, assimilation involves a coming-of-age for adults as well as children, for the need to adapt to the new culture, while holding onto as much of the old culture as possible, results in a "new" individual as much as coming-of-age does. The author presents the subject of assimilation realistically, without romantic illusions about the degree to which the Mexican characters maintain their own culture in the midst of American culture."