Abstract In this essay, the writer analyzes the different forms and purposes of theater offered by Antonin Artaud and Bertolt Brecht in their works and philosophies. The writer discusses the purpose and goals of the two playwrights and their impact on audiences.
From the Paper "The theater of Antonin Artaud and Bertolt Brecht is radically different with respect to the purpose and goals of the respective playwrights with respect to the impact of their works on audiences and society. If Artaud's theater of cruelty and Brecht's epic theater are distinct then so are their goals for audience impact. Artaud hoped by showing images of man's cruelty to man, audience members would experience a form of delirium whereby they would experience trances and inspiration leading to personal change ... "
Tags: Epic Theater, theater of cruelty, individual, society, truth, psyche, illusion, social change, revolution, interaction, audience
Abstract This paper details the life of Supreme Court Justice, Antonin Scalia, starting with his early years and detailing his education and work experience before he went to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. It also discusses his philosophy on the court and the way he tends to rule on certain issues. Furthermore, some major decisions he has worked on are mentioned.
From the Paper "Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was born in Trenton, New Jersey on March 11, 1936. He was the only child of Catherine and S. Eugene Scalia. His father, who was a professor of romance languages, moved the family to Queens, New York when Scalia was five where Scalia attended Xavier High School in Manhattan. Scalia married Maureen McCarthy on September 10, 1960. The couple went of to raise a large family consisting of nine children. Education and Employment Justice Scalia attended Georgetown University in Washington D.C. and also the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. Scalia graduated first in his class and summa cum laude from Georgetown University in 1957. He earned and LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1960. As a young attorney, Justice Scalia was admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1962, and the Virginia Bar in 1970."
Abstract The paper discusses Justice Antonin Scalia's belief that the Constitution is the only instrument justices have at their disposal and if an issue is not clearly addressed within that body of text, then justices are not supposed to make a decision. The paper discusses changes in science, medicine and society since the writing of the original Constitution. The paper contends that because of changing issues today, Scalia's views will continue to distance the judicial bodies and will eventually render the judicial system obsolete.
Outline:
Introduction
The Man
The Judge
Why It Won't Work
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since the inception of the United States, the Constitution has provided a blueprint of provisions that have been the backbone of many thousands of judicial, political and ethical decisions. The judicial system within this country is such that when cases are appealed to the supreme court those who sit on that court hold the question of the case against the constitution to determine whether any rights have been violated. For the past few years there have been debates about the "livability" of the constitution. One school of thought is that the constitution as it stands is out of date and that there are issues in current society of which the founding fathers could never have predicted, therefore the time has come to begin adjusting the constitution to fit today's needs."
Abstract "Antonin Artaud's theater of cruelty techniques are springboards for the director's imagination. His theories, based in part on Cambodian and Balinese dance, extol a form of "total theater," where visual images, gesture, light, sound, and noise take precedence over the written or spoken word.
From the Paper "Antonin Artaud's theater of cruelty techniques are springboards for the director's imagination. His theories, based in part on Cambodian and Balinese dance, extol a form of "total theater," where visual images, gesture, light, sound, and noise take precedence over the written or spoken word. This potent combination is used to disturb the subconscious of the audience and kindle their imaginations. These images are often shocking, but as Artaud explains, "We are not free, and the sky can still fall on our heads; and the theater exists to remind us of this fact" (Artaud 79).
Alfred Jarry's King Ubu displays "the spirit of profound anarchy which is the root of all poetry" (Artaud 42), and this can be seen in Act IV of the play as Pa Ubu states,
We'll stay on top of this hill and we'll not be so..."
Abstract This paper is based on how surrealism came into existence and how it revolutionized the form of art in the 20th and 21st centuries. It also highlights the contributions of many noteworthy figures in this arena by looking at the works of Antonin Artaud, Man Ray, and Salvador Dali.
From the Paper "Surrealism is the by-product of the defunct dada movement, which
is termed as an inhuman artistic reaction against the inhuman world created during world war one. This is because all movements were characterized by rage, extinguishing the age of dada, and many of its leaders, especially Andre Breton took up the new surrealist movement. Surrealism emerged at the beginning of the 1920's, a period characterized by the confused and inert perplexity of a collective bourgeois dedicated to nothing less than the mustiness of the balance sheet."
Abstract This paper discusses the life and career of Clarence Thomas, U.S. Supreme Court Justice. The author looks briefly at his childhood, his education, then at his rise in the judiciary, and controversial nomination to the Court . The paper examines Justice Thomas' role as a conservative African-American and how his conservatism is shown through his decisions.
From the Paper "It is hard to imagine that few justices of the 20th century will remain as marked throughout their entire tenure by their confirmation process as Clarence Thomas, who was nominated by George Bush, Sr. for one of the associate justice positions on the U.S. Supreme Court in 1991. Surviving the controversy of this nomination, in which he was accused of sexual harassment as well as of being of insufficient legal acumen and gravity- many liberals believed that his primary qualifications for office were his conservatism along with the fact that he was relatively young and healthy and therefore could serve on the court for many years. Thomas succeeded to the seat of the ultraliberal Thurgood Marshall, and in doing so gave to the court a decidedly conservative cast, undoing many of the measures that Marshall had dedicated his own life to achieving."
From the Paper " In The Theatre and Its Double Antonin Artaud proposed a 'theater of cruelty' in which "violent physical images pulverise, mesmerise the audience's sensibility, caught in the drama as if in a vortex of higher forces" (63). He held that a new kind of play was needed, one that would depart from the standard word-based, dialogue-bound plays that had dominated Western theater for many centuries. In place of this type of play Artaud suggested a theater in which the specifically theatrical elements of a play's presentation--visual, aural, spatial, as opposed to mere lines of dialogue--be given the primary role. He held that incantation, ritual, exaggeration and fresh combinations of effects would provide the surprise and shock that would generate a visceral reaction in audiences for whom the spectacle would be meaningful as traditional plays no longer were. Artaud seldom.."
From the Paper "Throughout his rich and productive career Antonin Dvor"k (1841-1940) was a national composer first and foremost. The Czech people had been part of the Austrian empire for centuries and the first hint of liberty came only in 1861--with full statehood another fifty years away. Yet "artistic self-determination was about to be realized, and it was in the hands of the right men" (Robertson 9). Among these men Dvor"k emerged as one of the greatest of Czech artists with "a musical language saturated with the songs and dances of his native land" (Steinberg 150). Thus it seems, at first, very strange that his most famous and enduringly popular work, the symphony in E minor (Op. 95), titled From the New World, grew out of his experience of the United States. It is less strange, however, when the listener realizes that rather than drawing directly on ..."
From the Paper "Since the late nineteenth century playwrights, directors, and theorists of all kinds have very frequently considered theater as a primary means of working toward the betterment of the human race. Whether they proposed to convey important ideas or actually effect change in the audience these writers tended to hold that the theater was the proper vehicle for such efforts because it spoke, as it were, directly to the individual sitting in the audience. Feelings could be roused, arguments could be vividly presented in verbal or visual terms, and the makers of drama could work on the individual in a setting where every effect--verbal, visual, and aural--was under the theater's control. Despite sharing the notion that the theater was the optimum setting for such communication and general notions of improving humanity, the various theories of theatrical..."
Examines policy vs. precedent conflict, politics and ideology in the nomination process, legal formalism, "stare decisis", including a case study of Justice Antonin Scalia as a eloquent dissenter.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 3 sources, 1999, $ 87.95
Abstract In modern times the general view of the Court has come to be that its members act to advance their policy preferences, rather than in a "mechanical" way to uphold precedent, as was widely assumed before the 1940s (Epstein and Knight, 1998, 24). Whatever may have actually been the case at various times in the past, it is difficult to resist a policy-preference view of the contemporary Court.
From the Paper "In modern times the general view of the Court has come to be that its members act to advance their policy preferences, rather than in a "mechanical" way to uphold precedent, as was widely assumed before the 1940s (Epstein and Knight, 1998, 24). Whatever may have actually been the case at various times in the past, it is difficult to resist a policy-preference view of the contemporary Court. Apart from the internal evidence of a statistical nature drawn from the Court's own record (Epstein and Knight, 1998), consideration must surely also be given to the overtly political and ideological nature of the modern nomination and hearing process, particularly as it has developed since 1980. To be sure, presidents have from the adoption of the Constitution taken the opportunity to name their political allies to the Court, surely with some confidence (or at least hope) that once ..."
Abstract According to the paper, Artaud's theories are based in part on Cambodian and Balinese dance, extolling a form of "total theater," where visual images, gesture, light, sound and noise take precedence over the written or spoken word. The writer compares this work to that of Jerzy Grotowski's whose approach to theater centers on the actor. The paper finally reveals the commonality of Artaud and Grotowski: the element of shock.
From the Paper "Our "theater of cruelty" production has the spectator in the center surround by the spectacle of the play (Artaud 81). Sound and violent physical images swirl about the viewers. Images of crime, love, war, and madness all assault the audience in a revolving spectacle which spreads its "visual and sonorous outbursts" (Artaud 86) over the entirety, reigniting its tired psyche with "intense and sudden shocks to revive our understanding" (Artaud 86). Costumes are ritualistic; masks are often but not always used; musical instruments enhance the work, from ancient drums to the newest synthesizer's sonic extremes; and lasers and very special lights play their part as the "fusillades of fiery arrows" (Artaud 95) that Artaud dreamed. All can now be realized with our current technology."
A brief review of the book "Franciscan Beginnings in Early Colonial Peru" by Antonine Tibesar which provides an account of the Franciscans? role in converting the native population of Peru to Christianity.
916 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 0 sources, 2002, $ 32.95
Abstract This paper examines how Tibesar, basing his work on primary sources wherever possible, asserts that although the Franciscan Order was by no means the primary religious order in colonial Peru, the Franciscans successfully integrated the Indians into Spanish culture. The paper describes the contents of the book as well as the type of sources used.
From the Paper "The author constantly admits that there is a dearth of documentary materials written by religious persons of the sixteenth century. Rather, most documents were written by military personnel or conquistadors. Rather than become discouraged by this lack of source material, Tibesar works closely with the materials provided to him by the Franciscan Order in modern Peru. The focus for the book is specifically on the Franciscan Order, but by necessity Tibesar places the Order in social, political, and historical context in order to provide an accurate account of its role in sixteenth century Peru. Tibesar notes that the Franciscan Order contended with frequent clashes of interest with Spanish authorities, both religious and secular, in their attempts to convert the Indians. For the Franciscan, Christian spirituality and way of life were far more important than establishing organized bodies of governance in New Spain. Therefore, the friars basically remained true to their ideals of Christianity."
This paper discusses the Supreme Court case, "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" (1992), which upheld the rights of women to have an abortion as guaranteed by "Roe vs. Wade".
Abstract This paper explains the events leading to "Planned Parenthood vs. Casey": the State of Pennsylvania amended its Abortion Control Act to require women seeking abortion to 1) give "informed consent" and the doctors to provide information about the health risks of having the abortion prior to the abortion; 2) a "spousal notification"; 3) "parental notification" from parents of minors; and 4) a 24-hour waiting period before obtaining an abortion. The author points out that "Roe vs. Wade." one of the most controversial rulings in the history of U.S. Supreme Court, which generated heated criticism from anti-abortion groups and gave rise to a pro-life movement, predated "Planned Parenthood vs. Casey". The paper concludes that "Casey" is still relevant because the present U.S. administration is clearly in favor of making abortion illegal, the Congress is dominated by Republicans, and there is a possibility of replacement of more than one Justice on the Court during the second Bush term, who most likely will be anti-abortion.
Table of Contents
Background of the Casey Supreme Court
William Rehnquist
Harry Blackmun
Sandra O'Connor
Anthony Kennedy
John Stevens
Antonin Scalia
Byron White
David Souter
Clarence Thomas
Important Pre-Casey Cases
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Doe v. Bolton (1973)
Harris v. MCrae
Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
Historical, Social and Legal Background of Casey
Arguments from both Sides
Essentials of the Plurality Decision
Contemporary Reaction to the Case
Legal Reaction to the Case
Historical Impact
Current Relevance
From the Paper "Several states enacted laws limiting the right of abortion, including laws requiring parental and spousal consent, restricting abortions in clinics, and laws barring state funding for abortions. The Hyde Amendment was passed by the US Congress banning state funds for abortions. In a long series of cases from the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, the Supreme Court consistently struck down several state restrictions on abortions, but upheld restrictions on funding."
Abstract This paper reviews a court case involving flag burning and free speech as examined by author Robert Goldstein, who frames the issue of flag burning as a symbolic fight over a symbol. The author points out the positions of Justices William Brennan and Antonin Scalia and Chief Justice William Rehnquist. The paper includes several analyses of the significance and implications of the case.
From the Paper In the case of Texas v Johnson, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the state of Texas could not prosecute Gregory Lee Johnson for burning the flag without violating the First Amendment."
Abstract This paper examines the life and career of Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus otherwise known as Trajan. It looks at how Trajan was one of the Antonine Roman emperors who ruled the Empire from 98 AD to 117 AD, following the extremely short rule of Nerva. The paper also discusses how Trajan's rule was one of the most contentious in Roman history and how, although almost constantly at war, Trajan was also responsible for expanding the Roman Empire to its greatest limits.
Outline
Introduction
Early Life
Career and Rise to Power
Dacian Wars
Further Campaigns
Period of Peace
Administration and Policies
Legacy-Honors and Reputation
Conclusion
From the Paper "Regardless of the political necessity of quashing the aggressive Dacian ruler, the Dacian Wars were less about retribution than they were of practical need. Dacia had value outside of its place as new territory for Rome. All of Trajan's campaigns came at a price, of course. His extended military campaigns were costly, in terms of lives, resources, and funds. Dacius also retained great strategic value, as well as wealth in "gold, silver, and essential minerals" (Kean 76). Wealth was not an incidental consideration when choosing to fight a war. Campbell states that "the extra cost of war might rather unpredictably be recouped by booty, as in Augustus' conquest of Egypt or Trajan's victory over Dacia" (86). "
