Abstract Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women" by Kushi, Folsom, Prineas, Mink, Wu, and Bostick (1996) reports that evidence supports the conclusion that the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) might be important in the development of atherosclerosis and studies indicate that antioxidants may have a role in preventing the development of coronary heart disease. This study provided the opportunity to examine effects of dietary antioxidants related to mortality from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.
From the Paper "ANTIOXIDANTS & HEART DISEASE
Introduction
"Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women" by Kushi, Folsom, Prineas, Mink, Wu, and Bostick (1996) reports that evidence supports the conclusion that the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) might be important in the development of atherosclerosis and studies indicate that antioxidants may have a role in preventing the development of coronary heart disease. This study provided the opportunity to examine effects of dietary antioxidants related to mortality from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.
Oxidized LDL has been found to be present in atherosclerotic plaques and the oxidation of LDL seems to enhance the uptake of ..."
Abstract This paper studies how color vision works, from the cells involved and photoreceptor wavelengths to cone density, and neural connections. The paper describes the formation of free radicals and their neutralization by antioxidants, as well as explains the sources of antioxidants and how they work. The paper also discusses that addictive and poisonous properties of ethyl alcohol for human beings.
From the Paper "During metabolism in the body, free radicals are formed and are thought to damage cells. Free radicals are also caused by environmental factors, smoking and ultraviolet radiation. Oxygen occurs naturally in the atmosphere as a triplet..."
Tags: Rods, cones, wavelength of light, cone packing, fovea
free radicals, oxidation, vitamins C and E, flavinoids, natural antioxidants
Abstract This paper discusses the various phytonutrients and their structures contained in the mangosteen, acai and goji berry. Following this, a detailed discussion is provided on how these various phytonutrients can be applied to health issues ranging from cardiovascular disorders to cancer.
Table of Contents:
Definition of Free-Radical/Oxidation and Antioxidant Phytonutrient Examination
Mangosteen
Acai
Goji
How Antioxidants Work in Relation to Illness
Anti-Aging
Skin Disorders and Allergies
Immune System
Cancer
Cardiovascular
Diabetes
Weight Control
Cholesterol
Synergy
From the Paper "The primary antioxidants contained in mangosteen are referred to as xanthone that Rothstein (2006) claims are a new classification of antioxidants. Templeman (2003) describes them as stable "six carbon conjugated ring structures" that can be transported from cell to cell and bind to other xanthones. There are over 200 xanthones in nature, with over 37 having been identified within the mangosteen rind alone. Each xanthone has its own specific purpose. For example, gamma mangostin has anti-inflammatory properties and Garcinone E carries anti-tumor properties."
Abstract The paper describes Alzheimer's disease and the function of vitamins E and C as antioxidants. The paper reveals that clinical studies on the effect of vitamin C and vitamin E on cognitive decline give inconclusive and contradictory results. The paper therefore concludes that primary care practitioners should be cautious in recommending supplementation of vitamin E and vitamin C to patients with Alzheimer's. The paper suggests instead that patients should be encouraged to shift to a healthy, natural diet of fruit and vegetables.
Outline:
Objective
Alzheimer's Disease
Antioxidants Review of Literature
Applications in Nursing
From the Paper "Mental capabilities gradually decline with increasing age. However, there are certain cases where the decline proceeds very rapidly. This abnormally rapid decline is not part of aging and gives rise to a group of disorders are called dementia. A severe form of dementia characterized by a gradual destruction of certain parts of the brain resulting in a progressively rapid decline in brain functions is the Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's affects certain parts of the brain that is involved in carrying out daily activities. In the process, a person with Alzheimer's loses a large part of his or her memory as well as the ability to reason, make judgments, learn, and communicate."
Abstract This research paper reviews the acute effects of pecan nuts ingestion on plasma levels of nutrients, polyphenols and biomarkers of antioxidant status. It specifically discusses whether, after the consumption of pecans, there is any increase in plasma polyphenol concentration. It also discusses when the peak concentration for polyphenols in plasma occurs, after consumption of a pecan-containing meal. The paper then looks at whether there is there any increase in plasma antioxidant capacity after consumption of pecans. Finally, the paper discusses whether there is any decrease in plasma lipid peroxidation after pecan consumption.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Chapter One
Introduction
Statement Of The Problem
Purpose Of The Study
Research Questions
Chapter II
Literature Review
Introduction
Chemistry, Classification And Distribution
Phenolic Acids
Flavonoids
Lignans
Stillbenes
Tannins
Metabolism
Absorption And Bioavailability Of Polyphenols
Deconjunction And Reconjunction Of Polyphenols
Metabolism By Microflora In Colon
Polyphenol Excretion
Polyphenol Content Of Foods
Polyphenol Content Of Nuts, Pecans, & Other Nuts
Biological Effects Of Polyphenols
Analytical Procedure & Findings Of The Study
Assays
Review Of Postprandial Studies And Effect On Plasma Polyphenols
From the Paper "The diet is abundant in polyphenols, which are micronutrients. Furthermore there is a great deal of evidence, which exists to demonstrate the role polyphenols play in prevention of certain diseases and including cancer. (Manach et al 2004) The amount consumed and absorbed is the factor that determines the effects to health of polyphenols. In making determination of the absorption of polyphenols following food intake there are two studies that are differential in nature and which are conducted on the basis of both direct and indirect proof of polyphenol availability. Plasma concentrations can provide individual or total polyphenols in plasma and can be measured through use of Folin-Ciocaltau (FC) assay. The Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP) is a method used for measurement of the ferric reduction ability of plasma. The ferric tripyridytriazine complex at low pH results in reduction to the ferrous form. Test conditions are favorable to the complex reduction and the development of an intense blue color but only when a reductant or antioxidant is present. Linear rates in absorbance changes are noted over a range with antioxidant mixtures that is wide and includes both plasma and solutions that are inclusive of antioxidants."
Abstract Examines the structure, chemistry and biological activity, focusing on antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties in animal systems.
From the Paper "Beta Carotene
The carotenoids as a group, and specifically the beta carotenes, are known to serve a variety of functions in living cells. Presented here is an overview of the structure, chemistry, and biological activity of beta carotene, with emphasis on its capacity as an antioxidant and anti-carcinogen in animal systems.
Beta carotene is a member of a class of pigments called carotenoids, which occur naturally in plants and are found as well in animals. A precursor of vitamin A, also called provitamin A, it is found as an orange-red pigment in terrestrial plants, algae and some marine mammals. After purification, it appears as ruby-red crystals, easily oxidized on contact with air, with MP 184 degrees, MW 536.44. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in chloroform, carbon disulfide, ether and benzene. Its ..."
Abstract This paper examines Alzheimer?s; it's aetiology and symptoms, in order to question the orthodox and alternative treatments available. It discusses the considered main causes that include zinc, copper, iron and aluminium, as well as including a brief overview of the accepted commonest risk factors. It is concluded by considering and suggesting, that ginkgo biloba is the main contender as the alternative to orthodox medicine in treating and preventing, Alzheimer's disease.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Chapter 1
An Overview of Alzheimer's Disease ? Definition, Aetiology and Risk Factors
Associated Structural Abnormalities of AD
Beta Amyloid Plaques (BAPs)
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Risk Factors of AD
Chapter 2 ? The Biometals
The "Normal" role of Zinc
The Paradoxical Role of Zinc
Iron
Copper
Aluminium
Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress
The Cholesterol Theory
Chapter Three ? Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo Biloba as an Antioxidant and Preventative
Vitamin ?E? and Other Free Radical Scavengers
Chapter Four - The Role of Orthodox Treatments
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), One of the Neurotrophic Factors
Selegiline
Oestrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)
Metal Chelation Therapy
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Chapter Five ? Conclusion
From the Paper "Copper is another essential trace mineral in the human body; it is a constituent of many enzymes and takes part in the absorption of iron and in melanin formation. Lack of copper may result in anaemia and bone changes. Estimated safe and adequate dietary intake is 1.5-3.0 mg/day for adults, and 0.4-0.6 mg/day for infants (Tortora and Grabowski, 2000). Copper plays a crucial role, with cholesterol, in nutrition and normal brain function. Recent evidence indicates that copper and cholesterol may both be important factors in the aetiology of AD. Sparks et al (2003) explains how trace amounts of copper (0.12 ppm) added to water and given to cholesterol-fed rabbits induced BAP accumulation, including senile plaque-like structures in the hippocampus and temporal lobe."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the uniquely beneficial health properties that might be associated with the consumption of certain types of chocolate.
The paper first reflects briefly on the history of chocolate as something of importance to cultural and culinary history. The paper then looks at the literature on the subject that reveals that cacao and specifically dark chocolate can be a rich source of flavanoids that promote antioxidant health properties. Next, the paper notes the difficulties in ascertaining the extent of the curative properties of chocolate and further notes that a more highly refined and less commercially treated form of chocolate is necessary to realize the positive health factors related to the cacao bean.
From the Paper "Chocolate may well be one of the rare consumables that belies the old assumption regarding that which is healthy and that which is enjoyable to eat. The conventional logic suggests that these two qualities rarely intersect. However, the larger body of research concerning the intake of cacao indicates that indeed there are uniquely beneficial health properties that might be associated with the consumption of certain types of chocolate, offering justification for further investigation of claims to the point. Before entering into this assessment, it is important to reflect briefly on the history of chocolate as something of importance to cultural and culinary history."
Abstract For years, chocolate has been looked down upon as unhealthy, deemed a candy, slapped with myths and fallacies and prohibited from small children. This paper attempts to prove otherwise by showing how chocolate has been shown to lift depression, help your heart and aid alertness among other benefits and if used properly, chocolate can be a delicacy and a medicine. It examines all aspects of chocolate possible from its production from the cocoa bean, to physiological effects on the brain and body to side effects such as obesity and dental problems.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
A Brief Review of Cocoa
The Cacao Tree (Theobrom Cacao)
What is in the Cocoa Bean?
Making and Eating Chocolate
State of the Art of Cocoa
Is Cocoa Good for You?
Burden of Proof
Chocolate as a Fat
Effects on Blood Lipids
What is OK?
Chocolate, Health and Disease
Chocolate Craving
Migraine
Toxicity
Immune Function
Allergy
Other Disorders
Behavior
Antioxidants Caffeine
Dental Caries
Migraines
Obesity
Serum Cholesterol
Heart Health
Conclusions
From the Paper "Cocoa takes it a step further though. Not only does it provide energy for our actions. It supplies chemicals for our personalities and moods. Modern psychology leads us to believe that every thought, every idea that pops into our head is simultaneously a biological reaction. This biological reaction takes the form of chemical processes within our brains. Our mind then interprets these chemical compounds as thoughts, ideas, smells, tastes, touch, etc. Our thoughts, or chemicals compounds within our brain can determine how we feel, our motivation, our goals, our entire lives hinge upon our thoughts, for what are we but what we do. And before we do anything, we must think it. We must have considered it at some point or been subconsciously predisposed to an action or idea."
Abstract Discussion of this carotenoid. Its beneficial health properties. Implications for health and disease, and role in cancer prevention. Sources of dietary lycopene (tomatoes and tomato products). Studies carried out with lycopene. Overview of lycopene chemistry. Human metabolism & lycopene distribution. Antioxidant and biological effects. Need for further study. Tables, figure.
From the Paper "I. Lycopene: An introduction and implications for human health and disease.
A. What is lycopene?
Lycopene is the major carotenoid in tomatoes and is responsible for the red color in fruits (Sies and Stahl, 1998). Lycopene is an acyclic carotenoid and belongs to a subgroup of carotenes that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms. It has been suggested that lycopene has beneficial health properties, is an antioxidant, and influences the communication between cells and cell growth.
B. Where is it found?
Lycopene is found in relatively few foods, and more than 80 percent of lycopene consumption in the United States comes from tomatoes. It is present in fresh tomatoes, cooked tomatoes ..."
This paper states that lycopene is an important member of the carotenoid family, which may play a key role in reducing the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Abstract This paper explains that lycopene has the highest oxygen-quenching capacity, meaning that it is the strongest antioxidant and is twice as strong as beta carotene at neutralizing free radicals. The author points out that tomato products, including tomato ketchup, apricots, watermelons, pink grapefruit, and pink guavas are the best sources lycopene. The paper relates the various health benefits of lycopene may impact positively chronic health concerns that are important to women, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, cardiovascular disease, preeclampsia, vision problems, and diabetes mellitus.
Table of Contents
Introduction
About Lycopene
Potential Health Benefits
Conclusion
From the Paper "Many of the reported health benefits of lycopene are related to its ability to protect cells against oxidative damage. While there has been considerably less research focusing on lycopene compared to other carotenoids, studies suggest that lycopene is a more potent forager of oxygen radicals than other major dietary carotenoids. According to Whole Health MD (2000), ?The basic science of lycopene is currently being established along with efforts toward evidence-based human intervention studies. Several studies have reported anticancer effects of lycopene in cell culture where lycopene has demonstrated antiproliferative effects.?"
Tags: antioxygen, radicals, neutralizing, tomato, women
Abstract This paper discusses the traditional uses of the herbs rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), their connections with modern use and the evidence gained from research to support this. In particular, it looks at how within the fields of alternative medicines both of these herbs are widely known for the beneficial effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical trials, where available are cited and discussed with a view to proving and rationalising the prescription of these two herbs by the modern herbalist.
From the Paper "There is a vast wealth of empirical information relating to Rosemary and its use as a stimulant of the mind since ancient times (Chevallier, 2001). The 17th century herbal medicalist Nicholas Culpeper spoke of it; "it helps cold diseases of the head and brain, drowsiness, dullness, dumb palsy, lethargy. It helps pains in the gums and teeth. It helps a weak memory and quickens the senses" (Culpeper, 1616 to 1654). This traditional use is comparable with its modern usage for poor memory and concentration, headaches, mild depression and debility associated with circulatory and digestive weakness and hair loss (Chevallier, 2001 and Hoffman, 1990). Chevallier (2001) describes the influence of Rosemary on the circulation to the head can even help balding if a decoction is used as a hair rinse."
Abstract This paper examines the various components that render the Indian-Americans' risk level for coronary heart disease so high and then discusses various preventative measures that can improve the health and potential health of Indian-Americans. Among the components discussed are genetic components, other co-morbid diseases, metabolic effects, environmental considerations, concurrent infections and anatomical considerations. The paper also discusses the preventative measures such as omega 3 (fish oil), antioxidants and exercise.
Introduction
Review of Literature and Discussion
Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Indian Americans have the highest risk of heart disease in the world. This paper establishes that this is due to several factors. First, genetic components. Indians have a strong family history of heart disease, and this increases their risks. Second, other co-morbid diseases such as hypertension and diabetes contribute strongly. Among metabolic effects, CRP levels are the greatest single indicator of heart disease risk and must be measured carefully by all at risk, most especially Indian Americans. Of environmental considerations, the wealth of Indian Americans often worsens their heart conditions. Infections such as Chlamydia often increase risks of heart disease, but this has not been shown to be a cause especially linked to Indian Americans. One of the largest differentials is Indian Americans' smaller blood vessels, which often result in ineffective balloon angioplasties.
In total, Indian Americans face a grave heart disease risk and they must constantly monitor their risks and their cardiologists must be made of the increased risks they face in order to avoid this killer disease."
Abstract In this article the writer discusses prostate cancer. The writer also examines some of the biochemical research that is being carried out to try and determine the causes of this type of cancer. The paper looks at the oxidative stress on cells and the effects of androgen. The writer discusses NSAID-associated gene protein and some of the multi-drug resistance associated proteins.
From the Paper "Prostate cancer is a disease of aging brought about by changes in cellular biochemistry which result in an imbalance in the pro oxidant-antioxidant balance and in the cellular response to androgen which this brings about. Many advanced cases of prostate cancer become resistant to chemotherapy making the prognosis for those men dismal. It has been shown ... "
Abstract The paper discusses fireflies, soft-bodied insects who inhabit temperate and tropical environments. The paper describes their characteristics, how they produce light and how this bioluminescence has an important role in the male beetles.
From the Paper "Fireflies are soft-bodied insects inhabiting temperate and tropical environments. They belong to the Lampyridae family. Today more than 2000 species of fireflies have been described. The elytra, or shard, on fireflies is more leathery than on other species of beetles. The size of fireflies is small to medium and there are different coloured species in existence. Fireflies' larvae can usually be found in wooded areas and around ponds, marshes or other bodies of water."
