Abstract This article serves as a discussion of the School of Antioch and its influence on emergent Christianity. The writer discusses the ecclesiastical development of Christianity. In this paper, the writer also looks at the historical context of the School of Antioch. Further, the writer examines why it became important and why it was later eclipsed.
From the Paper " The purpose of this research is to examine the importance of the School of Antioch in the ecclesiastical development of Christianity. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical context in which the school of Antioch emerged and then to discuss the reasons it both became important to the evolution of Christianity and the reasons it was eclipsed by maturing doctrinal and institutional structures of the Church. In part the apostolic and patristic periods of Christianity can be discerned by way of careful selective ... "
Abstract "In this paper, a film proposal is presented about the Crusades. It looks at how the siege of Antioch began in 1097 and lasted for two years and how the city had some of the most infamous battle scenes and stratagems, which would outshine any of the latter battles or conquests that would follow. "
From the Paper "During the First Crusades Bohemond of Tarentum was a pivotal and important figure in gaining access to the "Holy Land" during the early part of the 12th century. Conceptualized by Pope Urban II in 1095, the Crusades become an important part of western historical warfare (Stearns 140), which brought Bohemond and his Christian compatriots to take away Jerusalem from the Muslims in the name of Christ. The "Siege of Antioch" was a critical, violent, and important battle, which represents the apogee of success for the Crusaders in taking the Levant from the Arabs. After Pope Urban had sent off Bohemond and the other princes from various regents in France and Germany, there was great hardship that awaited them. Not only did they have to fight the Arabs, but they also had to deal with Alexius I, the emperor of the Byzantine Empire."
Abstract The author of this paper discusses how the essential doctrinal and theological differences between Antioch and Alexandria were defined by the basic teachings of Christology. In Antioch it can be summed up that the essential humanity of Christ and his teachings were espoused in all forms of belief and doctrinal worship, in Alexandria Christ's spiritual and God like nature was stressed. These essential differences formed the basis of the rivalry that existed in the early centuries of the first millennium.
An analysis of the First Crusade, which was the first global mobilization of a military force, as well as the first instance of combative regimes between two of the worlds largest religions.
Abstract This paper views certain extracts from eye witness accounts of the complexities of the march to and fall of Antioch and Jerusalem and its retainment as the Holy city as the birthplace of Christ and all Christendom in the First Crusade. With an aim of demonstrating the organizational change of the view of the people of the era and correct representation of the facts, two verbose quotations of authoritative figures who were present or involved in the Crusaders are included to aid enlightenment as to the situation from the eyes of observers.
From the Paper "Pope Urban II dealt with the concept of negating the commandment that "thy shalt not kill" in relation to what will come of those who fell on the battlefield fighting against the hoards of Moslems to retain Jerusalem. In a statement to the realm of Gaul he said: You have modestly expressed a desire to know whether those who have recently died in war, fighting in defence of the church of God and for the preservation of the Christian religion and of the state, or those who may in 'he future fall in the same cause, may obtain indulgence for their sins. We confidently reply that those who, out of love to the Christian religion, shall die in battle fighting bravely against pagans or unbelievers, shall receive eternal life. For the Lord has said through his prophet: "In whatever hour a sinner shall be converted, I will remember his sins no longer." By the intercession of St. Peter, who has the power of binding and loosing in heaven and on the earth, we absolve, as far as is permissible, all such and commend them by our prayers to the Lord."
Tags:antioch, armenian, belief, culture, heathen, humanist, infidel, islam, jerusalem, jew
Abstract This paper takes a look at the life, times, work, and fate of the first-century Christian missionary, Paul of Tarsus, including his relations with other Pharisees in Biblical Judea.
From the Paper "Paul was a Pharisee of the very strictest order, along the lines of Nicodemus and Gamaliel. Unlike the hypocritical Pharisees that were rebuked by Jesus, Paul was not a worldly or indifferent priest, but a religious fanatic of the highest degree. His life before conversion, though he persecuted the Christians and oversaw the execution of the martyr Stephen with satisfaction, was marked with an honest and earnest pursuit of righteousness. While this would not pardon his actions or reduce his liability in his early persecutions, it does shed light on the genuineness of Paul's religious fervor. Upon hearing of the trial and subsequent crucifixion of Christ, he undoubtedly viewed it as the righteous destruction of a heretic. So intent was Paul in his desire to exterminate what he viewed as a dangerous assault on The Covenant that he petitioned the Sanhedrin for authority to proceed to Damascus and bring all the Christian apostates he could find back to the holy city in chains to follow their Savior upon their own crosses. As the bravest and strongest of the rising rabbis, he was granted this request and set out upon the road that would change his life forever."
Abstract The paper examines the events experienced by Eleanor of Aquitaine and her first husband Louis while on route to Jerusalem during the Second Crusade. Although Louis would be viewed favorably for his efforts, Eleanor would be plagued for the rest of her life with rumors of impropriety and incest.
From the Paper "Pernoud records the couple's stay at Antioch in much the same way as Seward. However, Pernoud seems to give more credence to the possibility that an unnatural closeness may have existed between Eleanor and her Uncle. ?If we adhere to historical fact, it seems unquestionable that Eleanor acquired a bad reputation at Antioch.?(Pernoud,72) He states that the charge of incest was leveled by the chronicler, "William of Tyr, who cannot be dismissed lightly" (Pernoud,72) Despite this assertion, Pernoud also insinuates that Eleanor's reputation may have been the result of her open disputes and disagreements with her husband Louis while displaying complete agreement with her Uncle. Seward does not mention William of Tyr by name, his account states that the only chronicler to make this allegation wrote of them forty-years later. Seward also relays that contemporary authorities have found no evidence to conclude the possibility of incestuous behavior on behalf of Eleanor or her Uncle. "
Tags:antioche, aquitaine, armour, christianity, constantinople, crusade, eleanor, france, holy, jerusalem, knights, land, louis, queen, religion, war
Abstract This paper examines how the ancient Greeks determined who would win the pentathlon, a competition of professional athletes who participated in numerous sporting events in Olympia. The author discusses the Olympiad Games, who was allowed to participate, particular events-javelin, discus, wrestling, etc., festivities, and awards presented to victors.
From the Paper "An event that was intended to show all-round development was the pentathlon. Five events were included in this activity. They were running, long jumping, discus throw, javelin throw, and wrestling. The exact order of events and the precise method of determining a winner are not known. Wrestling is believed to have been the last event and may have decided the winner of the pentathlon if a participant did not have a clear advantage in the first four events. Historians have somewhat been able, with some degree of certainty, to determine how the winner of the pentathlon was actually decided. If a point system had been employed, as in our modern games, there would be no difficulty in crowning a champion; however, no evidence has been produced to support a point system in the Greek pentathlon. With the absence of such a scoring system, we are able only to present some theories and assumptions about the Greek pentathlon."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the life of Greek author, David Sedaris. According to the paper, Sedaris is one of seven children born to an eccentric mother and a father who holds the position of executive at the IBM corporation. Sedaris is well known for his radio talks, stand-up shows and books.
From the Paper "A great deal of the humor in Naked is aimed at his childhood, including his parents neuroses, life in Southern United States, and trying to find his way as he questioned gender issues. In one scene where he is at camp, the counselor yells, "What are you a bunch of goddamned faggots who can't make your beds?" Sedaris laughed out loud at his stupidity. "If anyone knew how to make a bed, it was a faggot. It was the others he had to worry about." He, and his new-found friend Jason could not protest the word, as that would acknowledge the truth. Instead, the two mocked the counselors and themselves by eventually calling themselves "faggoty faggots."3
Gantz notes that "While in some instances one cannot help but pity his history of chronic difference (''A Plague of Tics'' recounts his snowballing youthful compulsion to count obsessively, roll his eyeballs up into his head, and lick the classroom light switch), his life story is largely a celebration of his successes in attracting the much-desired attention of those around him".
Abstract This paper is a literature review using the Old and New Testaments of the Bible to examine several research questions relating to leadership in revival. The author points out that the literature reviewed in this study states that the necessary components for true spiritual revival are conviction, repentance and rejoicing among God's children, that revival must be an ongoing process in the lives of God's children and that this should be exampled by those in ministerial and leadership roles.
Outline:
Various Definitions of Revival
JI Packer
Stephen Olford
Charles Finney
Characteristics of Revival
Raises Esteem of Jesus
Satan Suffers Losses Due to Genuine Repentance
Greater Responses to the World of God
Clearer Vision of Spiritual Truths
Revivals in the Old Testament
Genesis 4:26
Genesis 6:
Genesis 35:1-15
The Exodus (Exodus 3:9)
The Wilderness (Exodus 19:20)
Joshua 3:6-10
I Kings 18
Josiah II Chronicles 34-35
Ezra
3:13-13
6:13-22
Nehemiah 8 and 9
Jonah
Hezekiah II Chronicles 29-31
Revivals in the New Testament
John the Baptist
Christ's Ministry Upon Earth
Pentecost (Acts 2)
Samaria (Acts 8)
Caesarea (Acts 10)
Antioch (Acts 11)
The Missionary Journeys (Acts 13)
Famous Revivals
The Camp Meeting Revival 1800-1835
The Revival 1857-58
Azusa Street Revival (1906)
Asbury College (1970)
Biblical Description of Revival
Human Need for God's Touch (Isaiah 6:1-8)
God as He Actually is (Isaiah vs. 1b-4)
(Isaiah 6:5)
The Grace of God (Isaiah 6:6-7)
The Mission (Isaiah 6:8a)
(Isaiah: 6:8b)
Revivals Occur at Time of Moral Darkness
Revivals in the Bible were Preceded by Prayers
Revivals in the Bible Rested upon God's Word
Human Vessels were Used by God
Conviction of Sin in Revival
Emphasis on the Blood of Christ
Great Joy
Effects of Revival upon the Church
The Presence of God is Sensed
A Sharp Conviction of Sin is Experienced
Declaration of Eternal Punishment becomes the Doctrine of the Church
The Death of Christ as Necessary for Atonement is Centric to the Message
Infilling of the Holy Spirit on a Conscious and Group Level
Compulsion to Witness Arising from Revival
Large Numbers of Conversions Resulting from Revival
The Nature of Worship in the Church becomes Transformed
People are Hungering for the Word of God
Prayer Meetings Grow
Believers having a Desire to Serve
Unity among Believers of God
Leadership Responsibilities
Biblical Responsibilities of Leadership in Revival
As the Leaders, so the Congregation will Follow
Table of Contents:
Statement of Thesis
Purpose of Research
Significance of Research
Methodology
Research Questions
Literature Review
Summary of Literature Reviewed
Recommendations for Research
From the Paper "It is important to understand states Morrison that "revivals were very much influenced by those leading them". Morrison states that it was acknowledged, as an important principle among godly ministers is that "the presence of these phenomena and the progress that they took and the degree to which they happened was very much dependent on the way that the leaders conducted services and meetings." Even the "extent to which they flourished was directed associated with the way they were handled.""
Abstract This paper relates that Amin Maalouf used Arab chroniclers, diarists and historians of which were several first-hand accounts to write the story of the Crusades from the perspective of the Arabs. The paper points out that, in his book "The Crusades through Arab Eyes", Maalouf writes about the brutal behavior of the crusaders towards both Jews and Muslims particularly in the sacred city of Jerusalem. The paper explains that the book indicates that several comparative accounts differ about Muslim and Christian rule, especially in the Muslim capture of the crusader states such as Edessa and Antioch.
Table of Contents:
Sources
Chapters I-III
Chapters VIII-IX
Chapter X-XI
From the Paper "The Zengi sultanate was established by Imad ed-Din Zengi, the Seljuk governor of Mosul in 1127. He also ruled over Northern Syria and Iraq as well as Aleppo. In 1144, Imad ed-Din Zengi captured the county of Edessa, the first crusader state to be established by the armies of the First Crusade. His capture of Edessa had then made Imad ed-Din Zengi a hero in the Muslim world but this was short-lived as he was soon killed by a slave in 1146. The territories under Zengi's ruling were then divided between his two sons."
Tags: invasion first-hand, salah al-din, captives zengi
