Abstract
This paper examines how the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is a helpful marker for diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease and many others. In particular, it focuses on the alternatives to immunofluoresence for anti-nuclear antibody testing.

From the Paper
"A scientist called Hargraves (1948) was the first to notice the anti nuclear antibodies in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are antibodies produced by the host immune system that attack the body's own tissues and organs instead of foreign invading organisms and toxins. Their production may be a result of an underlying autoimmune disease. About 5% of the population have a positive anti nuclear antibody. This percentage is higher in older ages, reaching a 15% in people ages 70 to 80 years old."

Tags:counter, immunoblotting, immunoelectrophoresis, immunofluoresence, nuclear, radioimmunoassay

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that is also simply called lupus. The writer explains that this is an inflammatory connective tissue disease which is manifested in variable signs and symptoms. The writer notes that this condition may affect multiple organ systems with immune complexes and a large array of auto antibodies, particularly antinuclear antibodies. Further, the writer points out that there are also genetic factors that play a role in the development and expression of SLE and environmental factors may also trigger the disease in genetically susceptible hosts.

From the Paper
"The cause of SLE is still unknown. This is an immunologic disorder with the production of auto antibodies. There are different triggering factors of this disease which includes sunlight exposure. Specific medications could also trigger SLE. They initiate immune response in individuals who are susceptible to develop SLE. The two most common of these are Hydralazine and Procainamide. Some anticonvulsants, antiemetics, antituberculars and antibiotics could be among those that trigger this disease."
"The pathophysiology of this disease is not completely known. Studies show that the production of abnormal antibodies by B cells remains the hallmark sign of lupus erythematosus. Such auto antibodies like anti double-stranded DNA and anti-Smith, are very specific for systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-RNP, anti-Rho and anti-La, are also present in other autoimmune diseases. Whether the B cells themselves are intrinsically abnormal is a subject of current research. One of the underlying deficiencies in SLE may be emphasized on apoptosis, or programmed cell death; cellular antigens exposed during apoptosis incite an immune response."

Tags:antibodies, treatment, blood, patients

Abstract
This paper explains that the ultimate goal of Soka Gakkai is to secure lasting peace and happiness for all mankind through the worldwide propagation of the Buddhist faith. The author points out that one of the most striking characteristic of Soka Gakkai is the diversity of their membership, which represents a range of occupations and ethnic backgrounds and recognizes no distinctions of age, sex or social class. The paper relates that today Soka Gakkai's membership totals 8 million households, which makes it the largest and the most vital religious organization in Japan. The author explains that the association also arranges cultural exchanges throughout the world through museum displays of approximately 2000 artworks representing more than a dozen major genres, including ceramics, lacquer-ware, textiles and calligraphy of other countries.

From the Paper
"Nichiren Daishonin states that enlightenment of an individual is possible by following his teachings. He believes that every person's life is precious as a jewel but they don't realize it. The Soka Gakkai, therefore, seeks to make people aware of the treasure within themselves and thereby help them realize their full potential as human beings. Furthermore, to Nichiren, everyone who was born in the earth has a purpose to fulfill, for everyone deserves respect. No one has the right to hurt or to control another. With their 3000 year old Buddhist teaching of respect of life, ..."

Tags:karma, antinuclear, pilgrimage, propagation, art