Abstract
This paper describes an experiment performed in order to determine the minimum concentration of rabbit anti-ferritin antibody by using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The calculations and results are presented in a table and are accompanied by figures for clarity. The methodology and possibility of error is discussed. Finally, the paper considers the medical and economic implications of these findings.

Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"During this lab, an important biochemical technique was used. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) can be described as one of the most important methods based on the interactions between antibody and antigen (Pye, 2010). An antigen is capable of causing an immune response and react with the products of this response. A molecule that is antigenic may possess several epitopes. Epitopes are antigenic determinants that can bind with an antibody. An antibody recognizes antigens and prevents the antigens from causing damage. The ELISA involves the binding of antibodies to antigen. A primary antibody recognizes the antigen, and a secondary antibody binds to the primary antibody (Chapel et al, 1999). This secondary antibody has an enzyme covalently linked and can interact with a chromogenic or fluorogenic substrate (Pye, 2010).
"A brief history of the need for and discovery of ELISA should be given. The precursor to the ELISA was the radioimmunoassay. This process involved radioactively tagging either the antigens or antibodies under observation. The radiation served as the indicator instead of colorimetric enzyme-substrate reactions (Yalow and Berson, 1960). In 1971, Peter Perlmann, Eva Engvall, Anton Schuurs, and Bauke van Weemen formulated the means to accomplish ELISA."

Tags:antigens, epitopes, biochemistry, cancer

Abstract
This paper first relates the history of antibodies from the time of Behring and Kitasato, in 1890, who demonstrated that it is possible to neutralize a fatal dose of the diphtheria toxin, to Milstein and Kohler, in 1975, who produced in-vitro "custom-built" antibodies. The paper then differentiates between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and explores the production of monoclonals. The paper concludes by investigating the use of monoclonal antibodies as immnosuppresents, angiogenesis inhibitors and anti-tumor agents and future developments. Two colored illustrations are included in the paper.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Antibodies
Types of Antibody, Their Structure and Effects
Difference between Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies
Production of Monoclonals
Hybridoma
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Immunosuppressive Agents
Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Anti-Tumor Agents
Top 10 Monoclonal Drugs
Future Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another new technology, which will be used in the future, is antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology. ADCs are monoclonal antibodies, which carries potent, cell-killing drugs. Developed by Seattle Genetics, this technology uses antibodies attached to synthetic drugs by linker systems. These linker systems are designed in such a way that they remain stable while passing through the bloodstream, and once inside the target cells, release the required drug. As a result, nearby normal cells are spared and it thus, does not cause any unwanted toxic effects of chemotherapy."

Tags:glycoproteins, immune system, classes, hybrid hybridoma, antibody-drug conjugate

Abstract
This paper examines how the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is a helpful marker for diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease and many others. In particular, it focuses on the alternatives to immunofluoresence for anti-nuclear antibody testing.

From the Paper
"A scientist called Hargraves (1948) was the first to notice the anti nuclear antibodies in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are antibodies produced by the host immune system that attack the body's own tissues and organs instead of foreign invading organisms and toxins. Their production may be a result of an underlying autoimmune disease. About 5% of the population have a positive anti nuclear antibody. This percentage is higher in older ages, reaching a 15% in people ages 70 to 80 years old."

Tags:counter, immunoblotting, immunoelectrophoresis, immunofluoresence, nuclear, radioimmunoassay

Abstract
This paper explains that antibodies are very important in the human immune system. The author points out that the potential of antibodies for detection and treatment can be realized because of the unique structure of antibodies. The paper describes in detail the methods of obtaining mouse antibodies.

From the Paper
"Antibodies are very important in the human immune system. According to the article Monoclonal Antibodies, Antibodies are a mixture of closely related immune system proteins, with subtle but important differences. They are produced in the blood to recognize and bind to foreign invaders, slinging them out for elimination by the body's immune defenses (Anonymous 1). This means that antibodies can be a very powerful tool for the detection and treatment of disease. The potential of antibodies for the detection and treatment can be realized because of the unique structure of antibodies."

Tags:mouse, antibody, treatments

From the Paper
"Catalytic antibodies are derived from chemically stable hapten which mimic reactions' transitional states. Through their binding energy, the antibodies are able to increase both the specificity and rate of the reactions. These techniques were initially applied to chemical processes which did not require catalysts. Various investigators, for example, have used catalytic antibodies to facilitate the Claisen rearrangement. More recent research, however, has focused on disfavored reactions (i.e., ring closure transformations). One day these methods may find widespread application in various fields of scientific endeavor. "

Abstract
This paper covers the major pathways by which foreign antigens are identified and dealt with through the adaptive immune response which is paramount on B-cell and T-cell responses and interaction with one another in distinct pathways and steps. It includes several diagrams and their explanations of antigens, B-Cells, T-Cells, APC's and more and their interactions and processes they go through.

From the Paper
"All immune responses involving T-cell B-cell collaborations follow distinct pathways of interactions and development. These very pathways of the adaptive immune response are almost entirely dependant on the cellular interaction of B- cells and T- cells with one another. It is within each stage of these pathways and the progression of an adaptive immune response that we will concern ourselves. The following is a condensed synopsis of the adaptive immune response and the cellular interactions that will be the emphasis of this paper. Within secondary lymph tissues foreign antigen is presented to naive B-cells via their surface immunoglobulins (Igs) receptors. The same antigen is also presented to naive T-cells at this time. This presentation and subsequent recognition of antigen by both types of cells results in and end product of proliferation and development of naive B-cells into plasma cells whose function is the production of soluble immunoglobulins (antibodies), and the differentiation and development of memory B-cells whose function is to respond to subsequent exposure to the same antigen. However, this pathway is not self-sufficient and requires the direct interaction of activated T-cells, specifically "helper" T-cells (Th2 cells) 1,9. It is these T-cells in conjunction with the antigen presenting B-cells that interact to produce a hormonal response to infection. These interactions activate Th2 cells that in turn promote B-cell activation both through T-cell secreted cytokines, (interlukeinI1-2, 4 and 5), and also through direct cell to cell contacts involving specific surface proteins and corresponding receptors and the signaling initiated by the binding of these proteins to one another."

Tags:B-Cell, T-Cell, immune, system, responses, pathways, antibody, pathogens, vertebrate

Abstract
This paper examines how affinity maturation is a response to an antibody that occurs in vivo and how it can be defined as the gradual increase of antibody affinity for the immunizing antigen with time. It looks at how it is associated with an enhanced secondary (anamnestic) response, somatic hypermutation, isotype switching and memory development.

From the Paper
"Somatic hypermutation leads to mutations in the rearranged V-D-J sequences of antibodies. The antibodies generated during the primary response use the germline V regions, but in secondary responses all the generated antibodies contain a higher number of V-D-J region mutations. Random changes are introduced into the heavy and light chain genes and may lead to an increase in affinity of the antibody to the antigen. These higher affinity antibodies are then selected to enter the memory cell pool. The somatic mutations occur within the germinal centre in close proximity to the FDC network. If the variants have a high affinity for the antigen they are selected to become either plasma cells or memory B cells [4]."

Tags:antigen, cell, isotype, somatic, hypermutation

From the Paper
" HIV Testing
The causative agent in the present acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV exists in various forms, including HIV.1 and HIV.2. A number of laboratory tests are currently available for their detection.
HIV is a complex retrovirus of the lentivirus subgroup. It contains two copies of single.stranded viral RNA (1:305). The HIV genome contains structural genes that encode the proteins of the whole virus particle as well as replicative enzymes. The retrovirus also contains at least eight additional regulatory and accessory genes that regulate its life cycle (1:306).

Within about 4 to 6 weeks of initial HIV infection there is a period of viremia without detectable antibodies (1:306)..."

Abstract
This paper discusses how antibodies and antigen serve to coat a foreign cell preventing the foreign cell from binding to other cells in the body. Binding of the antibodies and antigen to a toxin molecule prevents the foreign cell from accomplishing any of the tasks that it is intended to achieve. The paper further discusses how, never the less, this process is dependent on an effector mechanism in the complement system which has specific purposes. The compliment system serves as the overall protector while the antibodies and antigen direct the response of the compliment system which in turn destroys the foreign cells.

From the Paper
"The integrity of the plasma membrane is essential for cellular survival. Could the immune system utilize this fact to destroy foreign cells that have invaded the body? How might cells of the immune system disrupt membranes of foreign cells? (Two hints: virtually all cells can secrete proteins, and some proteins form pores in membranes.) Antibodies and antigen serve to coat a foreign cell, preventing the foreign cell from binding to other cells in the body. Binding of the antibodies and antigen to a toxin molecule prevents the foreign cell from accomplishing any of the tasks that it is intended to achieve. Yet, this process is dependent on an effector mechanism in the complement system, which has specific purposes. The compliment system serves as the overall protector, while the antibodies and antigen direct the response of the compliment system, which in turn destroys the foreign cells."

Tags:cell, biology, lakes

Abstract
This paper explains that the more common personal health care style is a collective health care process, called alternative medicine or complementary medicine, which includes elements of allopathic practice, non-natural medicine and surgery and of natural medicine. The author points out the idea that natural medicine is actually traditional medicine and should be looked at as such, with benefits and drawbacks, just as allopathic medicine is consider by many people. As an example of the presented natural health therapies; the paper relates that the Alexander technique, both a natural health practice and a restorative natural medical treatment, is a technique used to reduce repetitive motion injury by retraining the body to move in a different, more natural way.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Natural Health
Hydrotherapy
Herbalism
Eclectic Medicine
Natural Hygiene
Natural Philosophy
Natural Healing
Natural Medicine
Fingernail and Tongue Analysis
Iridology
Hair Analysis
Live Blood Analysis (Darkfield Microscopy) and Dry Blood Analysis
Antibody (IgE, IgG) Test for Food Allergies
Acid-Alkaline Balance (Ph Testing)
Alternative Therapies
Acupuncture
Acupressure
Air Supply Personal Air Purifier
Alexander Technique.
Aromatherapy
Astropulse
Ayurveda
Bathing Therapy
Biomagnetics (Magnetic Field Energy Therapy)
Electro-Dermal Screening
Chelation Therapy
Chi Lel
Chiropractic Treatment
Colloidal Silver Therapy
Colonic Therapy (Colon Lavage, Colon Hydrotherapy)
Color Therapy (Chromotherapy)
Crystal Healing
Dental Amalgam Mercury Removal
Detoxification Therapy
Reflexology
Shiatsu
Rolfing
Fasting
Feng Shui Balance
Flower Essence Therapy
Food Detoxification
Flotation Tank
Glandular Therapy
Prayer
Guided Imagery (Visualization)
Herbal Medicine
Homeopathy
Hydrotherapy
Hypnotherapy
Hydrogen Peroxide Therapy
Juicing
Kinesiology
Laughter (Play) Therapy
Light Beam Generator Therapy
Light Therapy (Solar Therapy)
Lymphatic Therapy
Macrobiotics Diet
Massage Therapy
Moxibustion
Music and Sound Therapy
Naturopathy
Osteopathy
Oxygen Therapy
Radionics (Radiesthesia Dowsing), Reflexology
Reiki (Therapeutic Touch)
Infrared Heat Therapy
Vitamin C Therapy
Yoga
Holistic Nutrition
Food Safety
Exercise
Conventional Medicine
Maintaining Health

From the Paper
"In the time surrounding the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), in America, medicine was often seen as a part-time practice, conducted by laywomen and men who had a vocation for the healing arts or who inherited the knowledge from ancestral teachers. These healers who took care of their friends and families illnesses, injuries and births performed most medicine, outside the major centers of population. "Of course, these natural healing practices varied from locality to locality with major cities, like Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City having hospitals and other medical practices approaching those found in Europe.""

Tags:history, native, traditional, diet, complementary