Abstract
The paper discusses the necessity to research new antibiotics and other compounds with biological activities because of bacterial resistance. The paper then lists various infections, their treatment and their mobility as well as discusses methods of genetic manipulation of marine cultures in the search for newer antibiotics. The paper also investigates. In addition, the paper looks at the group of bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces, which has great antibiotic properties.

Outline:
Resistance to Antibiotics
Fungal Infections and Antifungal Antibiotics
Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces
Conclusion

From the Paper
"(Gupte, et al., 2002). Healthy individuals are prone to a host of superficial infections such as Athletes foot and nail infections, and in rare occasions, systemic infections that are life-threatening such as histoplasmosis (Barrett, 2002). However, debilitated or immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients, transplant recipients and cancer patients are susceptible to a large number of opportunistic systemic fungal infections. This is due to the inability of the patient's immune response to fight normally benign fungi. Other individuals infected have been those subjected to invasive medical procedures such as the use of prosthetic devices and vascular catheters and extensive surgery (Georgopapadakou and Walsh, 1994, 1996). Fungal infections from these susceptible patients are quite often difficult to diagnose and treat and this leads to high mortality rate. "

Tags:extracellular, hydrolytic, enzymes, normally, benign, fungi, community-acquired

Abstract
The paper discusses the rise of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), which is a superbug arising from the often unnecessary usage of antibiotics. The paper focuses on the rise of antibiotics in livestock and their feedlots and also notes the often unnecessary prescriptions of antibiotics by physicians. The paper asserts that if we don't change now, there may be more bacterial infections that become immune to treatment with antibiotics.

From the Paper
"In 1968 the first case of MRSA was discovered. The patient was of middle age, had been in the hospital for quite some time, and had just had surgery. The patient had been on antibiotics to prevent infection. Little did the doctors know, but the infection was developing despite the powerful dosage of antibiotics, and MRSA was formed.
"Since 1968, there has been an alarming increase of MRSA reported each year. We, as a society, have allowed antibiotics to get the upper hand - creating a situation that is in need of immediate and thorough review."

Tags:MRSA, livestock, feedlots, physicians, prescriptions

Abstract
The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant organisms has been the topic of much debate for many years. The overuse of antibiotics has created new strains of disease that no longer respond to antibiotics. This paper discusses two of the most common antibiotic-resistant organisms, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE).

From the Paper
"The bacterium is usually spread through contact with other people that are colonized or infected with the germ. (Control of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms in Home Settings 2003) According to the Virginia Department of Health "The germ can be spread by direct contact with the person or by the hands of someone caring for the person touching others before washing hands. MRSA can survive for an hour or more on environmental surfaces such as floors, sinks, blood pressure cuffs, etc. but these are NOT the most likely source of spread"(Control of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms in Home Settings 2003)"

Tags:Methicillin, Staphylococcus, Aureus, Vancomycin, Enterococci

Abstract
The paper discusses enediyne antibiotics' potential as an anti-tumor treatment and as an inhibitor of aggressive cancer growth. The paper describes the function and structure of these antibiotics and lists some of the known enediynes and their derivation from microorganisms.

From the Paper
"Enediyne antibiotics have garnered increasing interest from the fields of chemistry, biology, and chemical sciences because of their great potential as an anti-tumor treatment. It has been said that enediyne antibiotics are 1,000 times more potent than adriamycin, one of the most effective and clinically used antitumor antibiotics (Liu and Shen 382). Enediynes have also been demonstrated to inhibit the growth aggressive cancers such as of cervical carcinoma, leukemia, and melanoma (Shao 50). Enediynes are uniquely characterized by their molecular architectures, mechanism of action, as biological activities. Currently, there are three types of enediyne antibiotics: the calicheamicin-esperamicin type; the dynemicin type, and; the chromoprotoein type. The first group includes the calicheamicins, esperamicins, and nanenamicin. The chromoproteins are neocarzinostatin, kedarcidin, C-1027, and maduroprotein."

Tags:cancer, anti-tumor, microorganisms, apoptosis, DNA, cells

Abstract
This paper summarizes the conditions that lead to antibiotic resistance. The author examines aspects such as over-prescription, high level of both bacteria and antibiotics in hospitals and the use of antibiotics in livestock feed that lead to a resistance. The author discusses the increasing uselessness of newer antibiotics and new strategies for preventing the spread of infectious disease.

From the Paper
'Antibiotic resistance has been building in bacterial populations for decades, but advances in medicine (i.e. new types of antibiotics) have always stayed one step ahead. Antibiotics are becoming harder and harder to develop there is a limited number of ways to recreate antibiotics, and drug companies may have come to the end of the list. Vancomycin " considered the drug of last resort when all other antibiotics fail " is no longer a sure cure. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been reported in hospitals across the U.S., and some of these infections are untreatable with any current antibiotic. However, vancomycin is being prescribed more and more often when other drugs fail and VRE populations are growing (Mitchell, 1998)."

Tags:disease, drugs, enterococcus, epidemic, health, hospitals, infections, mrsa, resistance, resistant, staphylococcus, streptococcus, tuberculosis, vancomycin, vre

Abstract
This paper answers questions on two articles: "Chimpanzee Dropping Lead scientists to Evolutionary Discovery," and "Antibiotics That Resist Resistance."

From the Paper
"Dr. Hahn is interested in the contents of the fecal pellets because they will show what the chimpanzees have been eating. As omnivores, they eat berries and vegetation but sometimes band together to kill and eat monkeys. The fecal pellets will indicate whether they have been eating alone or killing in bands. The social structure of the chimpanzee community might influence what is contained in the fecal matter because..."

Tags:chimpanzee, droppings, SIV, HIV, antibiotic, multi-drug resistance

Abstract
The paper discusses how antibiotics have kept our society safe from the harmful effects of many diseases since the discovery of penicillin in the 1920's. It shows that in the decades since its discovery, antibiotics have been so widely used that bacteria have developed resistance to them. Once this resistance has been developed, antibiotics become useless. The paper examines how, through the misuse of antibiotics, society may effectively find itself returned to the pre-1920 days where no effective treatment is available for bacterial diseases like smallpox and tuberculosis. It discusses ways to prevent this from happening and to manage the problem.

From the Paper
"Part of the problem relates to the misuse of antibiotics and especially the over-prescription of them. One article reports that "more than 50 million of the 150 million antibiotic prescriptions written each year for patients outside of hospitals are unnecessary" (Nordenberg). Consumer awareness involves realizing that antibiotics are not necessary for every condition. For example, the common cold is a viral infection, not a bacterial infection. Taking antibiotics for a cold does nothing to cure it. The emphasis here needs to be put on both doctors and patients. Patients need to use antibiotics only as necessary and not treat them as a "just in case" drug. At the same time, doctors need to determine that a patient has a bacterial problem before prescribing antibiotics."

Tags:AIDS, Bacterial, diseases, bubonic, plague, Staphylococcus, aureus

Abstract
An essay about antibiotic production. The author examines the historical view of how antibiotics were first discovered, how antibiotics are naturally produced in microorganisms and the biotech aspect of it with focus on how today's antibiotics are produced commercially.

From the Paper
"Today, some 5000 different antibiotics are known. Of these, around 100 are currently used to treat infections. Some are broad spectrum weapons, while others have more specialized applications. In the continuing battle against infectious disease, substances produced by living microbes continue to hold the center of the stage. Microorganisms are not only the workhorses that manufacture well established antibiotics, they also continue to be the source of new "magic bullets" to deal with hitherto untreatable infections, and to combat disease causing bacteria that have become resistant to the already existing armamentarium of drugs. The antimicrobial capacity of the microbial world seems inexhaustible. "

Tags:chrysogenum, flemming, notatum, penecillium, penicillium

Abstract
The paper begins with a description on how antibiotics have proven useful to the eradication of certain diseases. It then turns to address the problem of antibiotic resistance, and states the two areas that need to be effectively managed in order to solve this problem public awareness and the development of new research. The two areas are explored in more depth. The issue of misuse of antibiotics is discussed and the goal of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is explained. The paper concludes with an explanation on how a combination of the two areas involved can help improve the situation of antibiotic resistance.

From the Paper
"The discovery of antibiotics in the 1920's changed the future of medicine and meant that deadly diseases, including plagues, could be easily controlled. Prior to the introduction of penicillin, diseases like smallpox, tuberculosis and the bubonic plague were major problems. In modern society, these diseases are almost non-existent. In modern times though, the problem of antibiotic resistance has arisen. If organisms and diseases become resistant to antibiotics then the situation returns to one like the pre 1920's, where there is no defense against these diseases. To prevent this from happening, the problem of antibiotic resistance needs to be managed. The problem can be effectively managed by concentrating on two areas."

Tags:disease, management, public, awareness, research, misuse, CDC, defense, bacteria, virus

Abstract
This paper that examines the effect of antibiotics on the evolution of present day bacteria. These bacterial are considered in light of anti-biotic resistance. The paper also focuses on bacteria's rapid mutagenic properties. Additionally, the paper further explores how pharmaceutical companies are trying to outsmart bacteria's ability to mutate and survive. The mechanisms of action for antibiotics are provided as well as an explanation of why antibiotic resistance is so prevalent.

From the Paper
"Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. When it was first introduced to the public in 1944, 94% of the most commonly known bacteria were still susceptible to eradication and it saved countless lives. By 1950, the number was reduced to 50% and the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has continued to increase. Similarly, life threatening bacterial infections are on the rise as new forms of bacteria are discovered. Many of these bacteria had their origins in disease strains that were previously treated effectively with antibiotics. However, with the rise in use of antibiotics over the past several decades in industry and agriculture along with the increase in number and types of antibiotics produced and over prescribed by physicians, bacteria being highly adaptogenic have mutated into antibiotic-resistant strains. This paper will discuss the main mechanisms of antibiotic effectivity, discuss what is leading to antibiotic resistance among bacteria, state..."

Tags:antibiotic, bacteria, resistance