Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the movement against the Iraq War as it has manifested itself in the U.S. since 2003, paying attention to one media savvy organizing group that is rarely noted in mainstream media coverage. The paper explains that since the invasion of Iraq in March of 2003, a domestic anti-war movement has sprouted; the origins of various anti-war movements go back in history quite far and such movements are, of course, international in scope and motivated by many different underlying causes.

From the Paper
"Since the invasion of Iraq in March of 2003, a domestic anti-war movement has sprouted and come to attain fairly large presence in the media due to regularly scheduled marches and demonstrations, and a remarkably organized and systematic media and publicity strategy. The origins of various anti-war movements go back in history quite far and such movements are, of course, international in scope and motivated by many different underlying causes, but due to space considerations this paper will limit itself to a brief overview of the movement against the Iraq War as it has manifested itself in the U.S. since 2003, paying particular attention to one media ..."

Tags:alternative, protest, peace, movement

Abstract
This paper questions whether the anti-war sentiment in the US shortened the Vietnam War. The author contends that protesters succeeded in creating a certain consciousness of war activities within the American public. It is argued that the public had only begun to question the war once it was apparent that it had continued for many years, and that there was some feeling that once committed, America could not withdraw without achieving victory. By analyzing the government's reaction to several anti-war incidences in US, the paper argues the government did not have a deep understanding of the anti-war sentiment. Therefore, the anti-war movement could not have impacted the war to such an extent as to shorten it.

From the Paper
"Vietnam was a situation that seemed to develop slowly in the consciousness of the American public so that much of the country seemed to discover rather suddenly that the nation was enmeshed in a growing war to which there seemed no end. In truth, America had been involved in Vietnam for many years before the issue became the catalyst for social protest and political reprisals in the U.S., and for much of that time the public ignored what was taking place. American involvement actually started in 1954, and at that time it was the French who had been caught in the Vietnamese quagmire (Chafe 259). Full American involvement was contemplated prior to 1954 and rejected, in part because Eisenhower did not believe that a military victory was possible because of the political situation in the region, since the people supported the Viet Minh and identified Ho Chi Minh as the leader of their independence movement (Scheer 274-275)."

Tags:media, foreign, policy, war, military

Abstract
This paper describes the beginnings, the leaders and the motivations behind the anti-Vietnam War movement of the 1960s. The paper also takes a look at how much the anti-war movement actually affected U.S. action in the Vietnam War and what lessons were learned from the protest.

From the Paper
"The beginning of the Anti-War Movement can be found in the Free Speech Movement that had already taken hold at universities across the nation. At Berkeley, Mario Savio, having taught lessons on freedom in McComb, Mississippi in what was to become known as Freedom Summer, began the movement. Involved in the Civil Rights Movement, Savio saw a correlation of the oppression of blacks in the South, the war in Vietnam, and free dissemination of information on university campuses. Savio believed that students were entitled, under the First Amendment, to practice Free Speech on their campuses."

Tags:john, f., kennedy, youth, country, america, involved, students, adults, change, united, states

Abstract
The paper provides a brief overview of the movement against the Iraq War as it has manifested itself in the U.S. since 2003. The paper looks at mainstream media coverage of public rallies, focusing on a report in the Los Angeles Times and a report from Reuters. The paper discusses the ANSWER media savvy organizing group that is rarely noted in mainstream media coverage of public rallies but which has a large role in sponsoring them. The paper thus shows how a mainstream news source omits small pieces of information that can have a significant effect on the interpretation of the news story.

From the Paper
"The first protests against the Iraq War actually began just prior to the onset of the war itself, at a time when it was becoming clear that the military preparations and intensified propaganda leading up to the invasion had passed a point of no return. In March of 2003, mass protests in both the United States and Britain, denominated the "World Says No to War" protests, attracted approximately 500,000 marchers nationwide. Since then the movement has had its ups and downs, but generally been able to sponsor large turnouts near the anniversary dates of the invasion (March of each year.) Many have commentated that this level of organization and turnout is remarkable given the lack of a military draft, which in past times (notably the Vietnam war) has substantially enlivened anti-war movements (Garfinkle.)"

Tags:ANSWER, mainstream, alternative, resources, information

Abstract
The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."

Tags:punk, anti-fascist, movement, violent

From the Paper
"During most of America's history war has been glorified. Whether for political or economic reasons, the government has presented the option of war as real and necessary for the survival of the union. However, the attitude of embracing war has not necessarily been the typical one. In each of America's conflicts, large segments of the population have been critical of the war effort, and even larger numbers have been apathetic.

After World War II and the Atomic Age, though, the attitude toward warfare changed. No longer was one government simply stating that it had the power or might to destroy another government. The stakes had jumped to even higher levels - mankind was now capable of destroying all of mankind.
Some scholars have commented that the voices of those who protested America's involvement in war, ?sometimes muted but often ... "

Abstract
This paper begins with an analysis of an on-line article that refers to the American "attack" on terrorism. The article assumes an anti-war stance and this essay examines the social movements of anti-war sentiments in relation to this particular article, as well as in relation to other anti-war movements in America. It is a sociological analysis of social collectives, and describes both American and Canadian anti-war movements, with direct reference to U.S. military and politics.

Abstract
This paper describes the role and motives behind the student movements during the anti -Vietnam War era protests.

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a detailed explanation of the impact domestic politics had on the Vietnam war. The writer discusses the anti-war movement and reporting in the press and opponents holding political office in this regard. The writer considers the long term loss of life and regime changes that occurred throughout the region as a result of the US withdrawal. The writer concludes that far more than Kennedy or Johnson, domestic politics dominated Nixon's thinking as he slowly brought an end to the war.

The Anti-War Movement
Negative Influence of Media?
Political Opponents' Influence
The Vietnam War and President Nixon

From the Paper
"The Kennedy administration decided in 1961 not to assist the Laotian government through military intervention though President Eisenhower had advised him that Laos, and not Vietnam, was the hotspot in Southeast Asia. Kennedy backed a diplomatic settlement that brought to power a neutral regime. For a candidate who had cast a hard line during the campaign against the communists, this seemed like a pretty soft touch.
"Then, in April 1961, Kennedy approved and was humiliated by one of the most disastrous military defeats in American history--the failed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro in the Bay of Pigs invasion. Several months after that, he was bullied by the Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev at their Vienna, Austria summit meeting."

Tags:Kennedy, policies, Nixon, anti-war, President, support

Abstract
This paper states that, regardless of whether student activists were rioting or peacefully sitting-in, they played a fundamental role in encouraging social reform in civil rights in the 1960s. The author believes that their volunteerism inspired other youths to more actively participate in their communities and supported a great liberal tradition in colleges and universities. The author feels that, most of all, the activism and gains produced the foundations for many other movements that occurred in the 1960s: The free speech and anti-establishment movements, the anti-war protests and women's rights.

From the Paper
"The social and political conditions of 1960s America spawned a revolutionary attitude. This emerged from the new humanism, a mood that materialized from a deep felt revulsion to man's inhumanity against man. The era's movements were grounded in a democratic vision; the belief that all people should be full members of society, that individuals become empowered through meaningful social participation and that politics should be founded on respect and compassion. The activists attempted to express the voices of those society treated as "other": racial and ethnic minorities, the poor, women, homosexuals, and Vietnamese peasants. Students particularly caught on to this movement and spread it to the general public through protests, demonstrations, and activism within the community."

Tags:reform, example, volunteerism, participation, liberal