Abstract This research offers a critical approach to different anti-terrorism measures, that are or were used by democratic states in the 20th century. The author provides a descriptive approach based on the existing academic literature on terrorism and democratic states.
Abstract and Acknowledgements p. i
Table Of Contents p. ii
Introduction: Describing Terrorism In Function Of Its Finality p. 1
Anti -Terrorism Measures: An Overview p. 7
Proactive, Reactive And Preemptive Measures p. 8
Specific Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 11
Legal Measures: Emergency Or Exception Legislation p. 11
Definition Of New Penal Offenses p. 11
Creation Of State Security Or Anti-Terrorism Courts p. 12
Extension Of Law Enforcement Powers p. 13
Critical Comments On Legislative Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 14
Security Measures p. 16
Target Hardening p. 16
Anti-Terrorism Intelligence p. 17
Involvement Of The Military p. 20
Conclusion: Lessons Learned p. 25
The Need For A Good Definition p. 27
The Illusion Of A No-Compromise Policy p. 28
Law Enforcement And Intelligence Services Should Concentrate On The Financing Of Terrorism p. 29
Accepting A Certain Level Of Terrorism p. 30
Addendum: In Terms Of European Security p. 31
Bibliography p. 33
From the Paper "The problem of defining terrorism is probably the most difficult tasks facing students of terrorism. I are therefore hesitant to add to the considerable volume that has been written on this specific subject. This first section will briefly discuss several definitional aspects of the social phenomenon we call terrorism. Interestingly, the first time the term terrorism was used, it referred to state-terrorism or terrorism from above. The regime of the Jacobins, between March 1793 and July 1794 received the qualification of "syst"m r"gime de la terreur", referring to the many executions that occurred during the French Revolution. The term implied an organized system of coercion, based on fear and violence. However, with exception maybe of the two latter elements, it can easily be said that terrorism has no such specific meaning today. The term is used and abused quite frequently, for political and ideological purposes alike. A variety of situations and actions are labeled terrorist. Yet another considerable problem is the fact that a majority of terrorism definitions have been designed in the specific purpose of fitting a particular ideology."
Tags: law, politics, terrorism, fight, terror, violence, war
Abstract This paper defines violence and mental disorders and discusses the correlation between the two. It discusses whether people suffering from mental disorders have a predisposition to violence and if there is a higher rate of violence in mental disorder patients than the general population. The paper examines the contemporary view of mentally ill patients and whether or not mental illness is a contributor to violence in the society.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Defining Violence and Mental Disorders
Classification of Mental Disorders
Categories of Mental Disorders
Relationship between Mental Disorder and Violence Conclusion
From the Paper "From the various studies conducted in attempting to determine the link between mental disorders and violence, it is concluded that severe mental disorders do not independently predict violence, but these findings challenge perceptions that mental illness is a leading cause of violence in the general population. People with mental illness, however, do report violence more often, mostly because they show other factors associated with violence. Consequently, determining the link between violence and mental disorder requires consideration of its association with other variables, such as substance abuse, environmental stressors and a history of violence."
Abstract This paper summarizes and analyzes the reasons Ruth Ruether's book, "Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism" ,provides for the ongoing and pervasive anti-semitism in societies throughout the world. The paper offers a positive review of the book and of Ruether's ability to explain the anti-semitism that has arisen again and again in Christian communities.
From the Paper "It is probably a good thing that this book was written by a scholar who is known, overall, to be sympathetic to Christianity because if it were not the work of such a scholar it might well come off as something of a hatchet job. Ruether is not interested in apologizing for the often (at best) Machiavellian actions of early church leaders ? but nor is she interested in tarring everyone equally. Her case against individuals is made carefully, with a fine attention given to building up each case deliberatively and with due attention paid to the ways in which evidence from such a long time ago must be assessed."
A discussion on the way that the punk subculture re-emerged in recent years in response to the rise of the far right in Switzerland and as part of the international anti-fascist and anti-globalization movements.
Abstract The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion
From the Paper "The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."
This paper discusses that surveys have shown that domestic violence (DV), which is a major problem in the U.S., is strongly related to alcohol and drug abuse.
Abstract This paper explains that domestic violence, when it includes not just the drug alcohol but also other mind-altering drugs, can be extremely vicious. The author points out that one of the most frequent and verifiable links to understanding DV is the cultural dynamics of individuals in the low-income bracket where violence is used as a strategy in conflict. The paper explores Sweden's anti-violence, alcohol-intervention campaign, which entails training in responsible beverage service for bartenders, enforcement of existing alcohol laws in bars, promotional posters in beverage retail stores, and a massive media campaign, as a model for the U.S.
Table of Contents
Statement of the Problem
Introduction / Thesis
Alcohol/Drug-related Family Violence Does Not Occur in a Social Vacuum
Present Realities and Statistics
What Does Alcohol Actually Do to the Individual and to the Brain?
Victim Treatment, Possible Solutions and Remedies
Conclusion
From the Paper "The fundamental difficulty with respect to studying DV, Jewkes asserts, is that "evidence for causation of intimate partner violence is weak, when assessed with epidemiological criteria" [since] diseases usually have a biological basis and occur within a social context, but intimate partner violence is entirely a product of its social context.? And, Jewkes adds, DV is often a "feature of sexual relationships or thwarted sexual relationships"? Alcohol, she concludes, is a contributor to intimate violence by both reducing inhibitions, and providing "social space" for "punishment"."
Abstract This paper discusses the effects of the increasing amount of sex and violence that is portrayed in the media. It discusses sex and violence on television, in films and in music and video games. The paper especially focuses on the long-term effects of exposure to media sex and violence at a young age. It shows how this exposure has led to undesirable social consequences.
From the Paper "Other physical and psychological problems that video games incur include obsessive, addictive behavior, dehumanization of the player, desensitizing of feelings, personality changes, hyperactivity, learning disorders, premature maturing of children, psychomotor disorders, health problems due to a lack of exercise and tendonitis, development of anti-social behavior, loss of free thinking, etc. (Setzer). One major problem is that none of these problems are systematically or empirically proven or disproved. Very few scientific studies have been conducted in the aim of displaying the negative psychological effects of video games. It is hard to for one to argue these points because the lack of scientific backup hinders the claim. Just as any other topic of discussion, the most persuasive and meaningful method of argument is providing scientific backup to your claim. Setzer hopes that the knowledge concerning this he has passed on may help lead to further research done so that it may help in solving future problems concerning the violence in video games."
Abstract This essay argues that Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" is anti-Semitic in terms of its treatment of the character Robert Cohn. Cohn is painted in a negative light and none of the characters like him. Cohn is the anti-hero, yet he has Jewishness intentionally imposed upon him. In this respect, "The Sun Also Rises" involves anti-Semitism.
Abstract The following assignment is for a third year sociology course. The topic discussed is collective social behaviour. The collective social behavior examined in this assignment is anti-war demonstrations. The writer uses social contagion theory and emergent norm theory in order to examine the nature of anti-war demonstrations.
From the Paper "Collective behavior is a very broad area of study. For example, in Collective Behavior Erich Goode states, 'Rumors and legends, fads, and collective protest- these and other social phenomena make up the subject matter of the field of collective Behavior'. Collective behavior is the relatively spontaneous, unstructured, extra institutional behavior of a fairly large number of individuals. The fact that collective behavior is such a diverse area of study means that many activities can be used to examine it. For this paper, demonstrations against the war in Iraq or anti-war demonstrations as they are commonly called will be used to examine many of the theories about collective behavior."
Abstract This paper summarizes the debate between the Federalists and Anti-federalists of the constitutional congress. It suggests some ongoing problems in American public life which demonstrate the main issues which drove that debate, far from being resolved during the constitution's ratification, continue to resonate in current events. This paper discusses the Ratification Debate and the major issues which drove the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-federalists: Distribution of power, protection of rights, limitations of institutions and the ongoing Relevance.
From the Paper "In the last few days of September in 1787, the Confederation Congress met to debate and construct a new Constitution of the United States. The document they wrote and sent for ratification to the thirteen states that made up the newly-formed country was intended to replace the Articles of Confederation that had ordered the nation since its inception. The nation was reaching a crisis point, as the experiment had been going poorly. Surprisingly, perhaps, the problem was not one of the many possible economic problems that new nations are likely to experience when reconstructing after a long and difficult war. As Gordon Wood (1969) argues, the general economy was running well and people felt comfortable and even prosperous (p. 395). Rather, the concerns that brought the nation's leading politicians together were primarily political. "
Abstract This paper discusses how in terms of ideologies, actions, and goals that exist, or should exist in order for the anti-globalization movement to develop into a successful global social movement, there is general agreement that there must be a greater emphasis on social and political issues such as gender equality, and economic issues such as product music and entertainment product copyright protection. The paper further discusses that these are only two of a multitude of important issues that need to be addressed, but they reflect the anti-globalization movement's fundamental goal of protecting the social, political, and economic rights of individuals, groups, and societies as globalization expands. For example, globalization has presented many challenges and opportunities for the transnational women's movement.
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the different types of violence that occur within prisons. The writer then looks at reasons why such violence occurs and also discusses what could be done to improve the situation. In addition, by looking at violence between prisoners, that includes aggression involving prison staff, the paper consider how this violence affects both parties. The writer points out that there is a need for the government to understand that there are ways to be economical, without putting the lives of prison staff and inmates at risk. The writer concludes that at the end of the day, there really is no alternative and funds must be ensured in order maintain effective safe and secure correctional facilities for prison officers, staff, and inmates.
Outline:
Introduction
The Extent and Diversity of Violence within the US Prison System
Inmate Violence and Conditions
Staff Brutality towards Inmates
Trying to Ebb the Flow
The Effects of Violence on Inmates and Prison Staff
Conclusion
From the Paper Conditions, according to Kate Randell, are horrendous, and include, "overflowing toilets and pipes; toxic and unsanitary environments; prisoners forced to sleep on filthy floors without mattresses; cells infested with vermin and lacking ventilation" (Kate Randell, Online Article, 1998). Many prisons also have inadequate policies and procedures, concerning the use of force, and prison staff is often deficient in adequate training. Gangs control the majority of inmates within prisons throughout the United States, and violent behavior, including that of bullying, beatings, stabbings, sexual assault, rape, and murder, are all daily events. Each gang has its own dress code, rules, and initiation ceremonies, and is responsible for much of the violence that occurs within correctional institutions.
Abstract This paper begins by defining the term ?dating violence? followed by the scope of problems associated with the issue. Furthermore, the paper discusses the risk factors involved in dating violence as well as the early warning signs. The paper further highlights the characteristics of both the victims and the perpetrators and what can be done about the issue. The paper then discusses the myths and realities associated to dating violence, backed by statistics and the recent findings by some of the best experts in the related field the research paper.
Table of Contents
Definition of Dating Violence Genres of Dating Violence Dating Violence: Indicators
Conclusion
From the Paper "Violence has many forms and every form is formidable. Heated debate and ongoing extensive research shows the alarmingly increasing rate of dating violence all over the world. In order to well comprehend the issue, it is essential to know the definition as well as the significant information regarding the subject.
"Dating violence has been defined in the following manner:
1) Dating violence can be defined as an error, a threat or a crime committed by one person of an unmarried couple on the other person according to the laws/statements related to dating relationship. Such violence includes any type of sexual abuse, physical violence, verbal or demonstrative abuse. (Sugarman)."
Abstract This paper examines the relationship between violence and sports. The paper first asserts that violence in sports is culturally agreeable and goal oriented. The paper then explores recreational violence, including hunting. Next the paper studies how sports legitimize violence and the relationship between sports, violence and masculinity. The paper concludes by studying the effect on male-female relationships of violence in sports.
From the Paper "This research paper addresses the topic of how violence in sports affects our lives. The following relevant areas are presented..."
Abstract This paper discusses violence in the mass media and its impact on children. It contends that the degree as well as the amount of violence that is present in the mass media grows each year with the result that every year children are exposed to more and more lethal violence. The author explains that the result of this exposure to high levels of violence is that children become more accepting of violence and eventually more disposed to commit acts of violence themselves.
From the Paper "It is all too easy to dismiss the importance of violence in the mass media. Most of us grew up watching cartoon characters bop each other over the head after all and never felt the urge to buy a semi-automatic pistol and slaughter a dozen of our classmates."
Abstract The paper discusses how every feminist and the majority of women believe that violence is wrong and must be stopped. However, while most Western women view violence as a threat, marginalized women in the West and those outside the West have experienced a different form of violence. The different violence is not fully accounted for by using a gender lens. Other factors enter into it such as class, race and ethnicity. When viewed in a global context, women see violence and its solutions in very differing ways and the paper contends that violence needs to be redefined.
