Abstract The paper discusses enediyne antibiotics' potential as an anti-tumor treatment and as an inhibitor of aggressive cancer growth. The paper describes the function and structure of these antibiotics and lists some of the known enediynes and their derivation from microorganisms.
From the Paper "Enediyne antibiotics have garnered increasing interest from the fields of chemistry, biology, and chemical sciences because of their great potential as an anti-tumor treatment. It has been said that enediyne antibiotics are 1,000 times more potent than adriamycin, one of the most effective and clinically used antitumor antibiotics (Liu and Shen 382). Enediynes have also been demonstrated to inhibit the growth aggressive cancers such as of cervical carcinoma, leukemia, and melanoma (Shao 50). Enediynes are uniquely characterized by their molecular architectures, mechanism of action, as biological activities. Currently, there are three types of enediyne antibiotics: the calicheamicin-esperamicin type; the dynemicin type, and; the chromoprotoein type. The first group includes the calicheamicins, esperamicins, and nanenamicin. The chromoproteins are neocarzinostatin, kedarcidin, C-1027, and maduroprotein."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed discussion about pituitary tumors. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey through the pituitary gland and its functions. The reader is then led in a discussion about the various pituitary tumors and their symptoms. The paper finishes with an outline of various treatments that are available.
From the Paper "It is a small gland located in the brain but the size should fool no one. The pituitary gland is referred to as the master gland in many medical discussions because of the many important functions that it is responsible for handling. One of these most important functions is to coordinate the signals that are sent to produce hormones, which help to control and respond to brain functions, stress and other things. The ability to focus and pay attention as well as the hormones that allow one to grow and develop sexually is all tied to the pituitary gland. In addition a person's energy level through metabolism and the bodies ability to defend itself is all related to the functions of the pituitary gland (Gland, 1993)."
Abstract This essay argues that Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" is anti-Semitic in terms of its treatment of the character Robert Cohn. Cohn is painted in a negative light and none of the characters like him. Cohn is the anti-hero, yet he has Jewishness intentionally imposed upon him. In this respect, "The Sun Also Rises" involves anti-Semitism.
Abstract The following assignment is for a third year sociology course. The topic discussed is collective social behaviour. The collective social behavior examined in this assignment is anti-war demonstrations. The writer uses social contagion theory and emergent norm theory in order to examine the nature of anti-war demonstrations.
From the Paper "Collective behavior is a very broad area of study. For example, in Collective Behavior Erich Goode states, 'Rumors and legends, fads, and collective protest- these and other social phenomena make up the subject matter of the field of collective Behavior'. Collective behavior is the relatively spontaneous, unstructured, extra institutional behavior of a fairly large number of individuals. The fact that collective behavior is such a diverse area of study means that many activities can be used to examine it. For this paper, demonstrations against the war in Iraq or anti-war demonstrations as they are commonly called will be used to examine many of the theories about collective behavior."
Abstract This paper summarizes the debate between the Federalists and Anti-federalists of the constitutional congress. It suggests some ongoing problems in American public life which demonstrate the main issues which drove that debate, far from being resolved during the constitution's ratification, continue to resonate in current events. This paper discusses the Ratification Debate and the major issues which drove the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-federalists: Distribution of power, protection of rights, limitations of institutions and the ongoing Relevance.
From the Paper "In the last few days of September in 1787, the Confederation Congress met to debate and construct a new Constitution of the United States. The document they wrote and sent for ratification to the thirteen states that made up the newly-formed country was intended to replace the Articles of Confederation that had ordered the nation since its inception. The nation was reaching a crisis point, as the experiment had been going poorly. Surprisingly, perhaps, the problem was not one of the many possible economic problems that new nations are likely to experience when reconstructing after a long and difficult war. As Gordon Wood (1969) argues, the general economy was running well and people felt comfortable and even prosperous (p. 395). Rather, the concerns that brought the nation's leading politicians together were primarily political. "
Abstract This paper discusses how in terms of ideologies, actions, and goals that exist, or should exist in order for the anti-globalization movement to develop into a successful global social movement, there is general agreement that there must be a greater emphasis on social and political issues such as gender equality, and economic issues such as product music and entertainment product copyright protection. The paper further discusses that these are only two of a multitude of important issues that need to be addressed, but they reflect the anti-globalization movement's fundamental goal of protecting the social, political, and economic rights of individuals, groups, and societies as globalization expands. For example, globalization has presented many challenges and opportunities for the transnational women's movement.
A discussion on the way that the punk subculture re-emerged in recent years in response to the rise of the far right in Switzerland and as part of the international anti-fascist and anti-globalization movements.
Abstract The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion
From the Paper "The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."
Argues that over-prescribing anti-depressants world-wide could prevent rape survivors from seeking and receiving treatment for depression and other mental health diseases.
Abstract This paper contends that the skyrocketing number of prescriptions for anti-depressants recently has caused some to worry that patients, such as rape victims, who could benefit from the addition of medication in their recovery, might not be able to get the much-needed medicine.
From the Paper "The recent FDA decision regarding SSRI's (Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors) has caused the medical community to scale down anti-depressant prescriptions in recent months. This project in intended to shed light on the growing problem of over-prescribing anti-depressants and the effects that ultimately could prevent rape survivors from receiving the much needed medications they need for recovery."
Abstract The following paper explores several facets of malignant brain tumors including symptoms, treatment options and the financial impact. The writer uses several sources to explain the effects that a malignant brain tumor has on a person not just financially but physically and mentally as well.
From the Paper "Everybody gets an occasional headache. They usually take an over the counter painkiller and the headache disappears. Now and again people get headaches that over the counter medication doesn"t touch. They go to the doctor and find out they have migraines. While migraines can be difficult to manage they are not life threatening which is usually a great relief to the patient and their family. However, those who get frequent headaches still need to be evaluated by a medical professional. It is a mistake to assume it is migraine or stress related.?
Abstract This paper discusses how tumor invasion and metastasis of cancer is one of the most deadly processes in the world today. Once the cancer has metastasized to other organs, the chances of successful recovery are greatly reduced. It looks at the importance for a patient with a prior history of cancer to have regular checkups and to understand which cancers commonly metastasize to certain organs, thus increasing the chances of survival of this dangerous killer.
From the Paper "Metastasis is controlled in part ?by messages embedded in the organs to which cancer spreads. Elements of the signals stimulating metastasis may come ?not from the tumor cells themselves but from the microenvironment (Couzin, 2003).? Cancer cells are able to identify the location of the new tumor and thrive. Specific cancers have been found to favor specific site, as seen in ?breast cancer which prefers the lungs and bone, and colon cancer which favors the liver (Couzin, 2003).? Stephen Paget, a British surgeon in 1889 developed the "seed and soil" theory, which ?argues that metastasis depends on matching certain types of ?seeds,? or cancer cells, with "soils" in which they are likely to grow (Couzin, 2003).? "
Abstract This paper examines in detail the schwannoma, a benign tumor that grows from the fibrous coverings of a peripheral nerve. The author makes reference to Nager's and Shapsay's findings on the subject and discusses diagnosis and treatment, with reference to Morita, Sekhar, and Wright. The paper concludes with a number of case studies.
From the paper:
?Morita, Sekhar, and Wright also discuss statistics of surgery for schwannomas. Their statistics are based on the more common vestibular schwannomas. They state that morbidity associated with surgery has been decreasing and that the preservation of the functions of cranial nerves has been improving.?
Tags: neurinoma, neuroma, benign, tumor, peripheral, cancer, nerve, medicine
Abstract The paper offers a brief overview of astrocytoma and explains the condition, it's pathogenesis, the various classifications, the diagnosis and the possible treatment methods. The paper shows how we are still a long way from providing complete relief for all the different types of astrocytomas.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
The Glial Cells
Tumor Grades
Pathogenesis
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Biomarker for Astrocytoma
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Conclusion
From the Paper "Brain tumor is one of the most lethal forms of cancers with more than 13,000 deaths every year in the United States. Though we are still a long way from developing medical interventions that promise total recovery, advancements in the diagnostic methods such as MRS, ultrasonic aspiration and in surgical procedures such as intraoperative neuronavigation, Gamma Knife radiosurgery, etc, have improved the precision for the surgeon and outcome for the patient to a significant extent. It is hoped that our increasing understanding of the molecular pathology of the disease propelled by the huge amount of research devoted to the field would lead to developing a successful treatment plan for astrocytoma and all other forms of brain tumors in the near future."
Tags: cancer, glial, cells, neurons, proteins, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery
Abstract This paper explains that the Financial Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) was formed by the G-7 nations as an intergovernmental task force to examine money laundering trends, techniques and past AML actions and to develop new, more effective measures for implementation into anti-money laundering (AML) systems. The author points out that, although Switzerland and the U.K. have developed intricate AML systems as describe in this paper, the U.S.'s enforcement oriented AML system is the international leader. The paper recommends that AML systems could be strengthened by investigating and prosecuting money laundering activity in connection with every criminal offense, which is often associated with money laundering, such as terrorism, corruption and tax evasion This paper includes tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Money Laundering
Trends in Money Laundering
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: International Standards
History of the Development of Anti-Money Laundering Systems
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: The United Kingdom
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: Switzerland
The Future of Money Laundering and Anti-Money Laundering Systems
Switzerland vs. the U.K.: How Effective are Their AML Systems?
Appendix 1: Country Page - Switzerland, IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum
Appendix 2: Country Page - the United Kingdom, IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum
Appendix 3: FATF - The Forty Recommendations
From the Paper "It is important to understand past trends in methods for money laundering in order to predict and prevent the development of future methods. This is gained through an in-depth understanding of the prevalence and evolution of money laundering methods and their current and emerging trends. The identification of trends ensures that money laundering methods are understood and that action is taken to comprehend other key factors involved, such as context. Through its typologies effort, the FATF emphasized the identification and description of money laundering trends both at the worldwide level and on a more systematic basis."
Abstract Trusts are viewed as competition destroyers which attempt to control the market for a product. Anti-trust laws arose out of the abuse of such trusts and these laws persevere to this day. This paper questions whether the government's enforcement is executed when the economic climate is right or whether the enforcement is occurring at regular intervals. It also questions whether certain corporations, like Microsoft, are unwitting targets of the government. The overall question in this paper is whether the enforcement of anti-trust laws harms American competition. The response lies in the history of anti-trust laws, the enforcement of such laws and the meaning of competition within economic understanding.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The History of Anti-trust Laws
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
The Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
The Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)
Robinson-Patman Act (1936), Celler-Kefauver Act (1950) and The Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976
Competition
Enforcement
Has the Microsoft Anti-trust Case Helped or Hindered American Competition?
Has the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act Helped or Hindered American Competition?
Conclusion
From the Paper "In 1911, two decades after the Sherman Act was passed, the U.S. Supreme Court found that the Standard Oil Company and the American Tobacco Company exerted unlawful monopolistic authority. This was the first major court decision since the Act was passed. The two mentioned companies were forced to dissolve into smaller firms that would compete against each other. The courts have not been consistent when interpreting the meaning of monopoly power under the Sherman Act either."
Abstract This research offers a critical approach to different anti-terrorism measures, that are or were used by democratic states in the 20th century. The author provides a descriptive approach based on the existing academic literature on terrorism and democratic states.
Abstract and Acknowledgements p. i
Table Of Contents p. ii
Introduction: Describing Terrorism In Function Of Its Finality p. 1
Anti -Terrorism Measures: An Overview p. 7
Proactive, Reactive And Preemptive Measures p. 8
Specific Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 11
Legal Measures: Emergency Or Exception Legislation p. 11
Definition Of New Penal Offenses p. 11
Creation Of State Security Or Anti-Terrorism Courts p. 12
Extension Of Law Enforcement Powers p. 13
Critical Comments On Legislative Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 14
Security Measures p. 16
Target Hardening p. 16
Anti-Terrorism Intelligence p. 17
Involvement Of The Military p. 20
Conclusion: Lessons Learned p. 25
The Need For A Good Definition p. 27
The Illusion Of A No-Compromise Policy p. 28
Law Enforcement And Intelligence Services Should Concentrate On The Financing Of Terrorism p. 29
Accepting A Certain Level Of Terrorism p. 30
Addendum: In Terms Of European Security p. 31
Bibliography p. 33
From the Paper "The problem of defining terrorism is probably the most difficult tasks facing students of terrorism. I are therefore hesitant to add to the considerable volume that has been written on this specific subject. This first section will briefly discuss several definitional aspects of the social phenomenon we call terrorism. Interestingly, the first time the term terrorism was used, it referred to state-terrorism or terrorism from above. The regime of the Jacobins, between March 1793 and July 1794 received the qualification of "syst"m r"gime de la terreur", referring to the many executions that occurred during the French Revolution. The term implied an organized system of coercion, based on fear and violence. However, with exception maybe of the two latter elements, it can easily be said that terrorism has no such specific meaning today. The term is used and abused quite frequently, for political and ideological purposes alike. A variety of situations and actions are labeled terrorist. Yet another considerable problem is the fact that a majority of terrorism definitions have been designed in the specific purpose of fitting a particular ideology."
Tags: law, politics, terrorism, fight, terror, violence, war
