Abstract This research offers a critical approach to different anti-terrorism measures, that are or were used by democratic states in the 20th century. The author provides a descriptive approach based on the existing academic literature on terrorism and democratic states.
Abstract and Acknowledgements p. i
Table Of Contents p. ii
Introduction: Describing Terrorism In Function Of Its Finality p. 1
Anti -Terrorism Measures: An Overview p. 7
Proactive, Reactive And Preemptive Measures p. 8
Specific Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 11
Legal Measures: Emergency Or Exception Legislation p. 11
Definition Of New Penal Offenses p. 11
Creation Of State Security Or Anti-Terrorism Courts p. 12
Extension Of Law Enforcement Powers p. 13
Critical Comments On Legislative Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 14
Security Measures p. 16
Target Hardening p. 16
Anti-Terrorism Intelligence p. 17
Involvement Of The Military p. 20
Conclusion: Lessons Learned p. 25
The Need For A Good Definition p. 27
The Illusion Of A No-Compromise Policy p. 28
Law Enforcement And Intelligence Services Should Concentrate On The Financing Of Terrorism p. 29
Accepting A Certain Level Of Terrorism p. 30
Addendum: In Terms Of European Security p. 31
Bibliography p. 33
From the Paper "The problem of defining terrorism is probably the most difficult tasks facing students of terrorism. I are therefore hesitant to add to the considerable volume that has been written on this specific subject. This first section will briefly discuss several definitional aspects of the social phenomenon we call terrorism. Interestingly, the first time the term terrorism was used, it referred to state-terrorism or terrorism from above. The regime of the Jacobins, between March 1793 and July 1794 received the qualification of "syst"m r"gime de la terreur", referring to the many executions that occurred during the French Revolution. The term implied an organized system of coercion, based on fear and violence. However, with exception maybe of the two latter elements, it can easily be said that terrorism has no such specific meaning today. The term is used and abused quite frequently, for political and ideological purposes alike. A variety of situations and actions are labeled terrorist. Yet another considerable problem is the fact that a majority of terrorism definitions have been designed in the specific purpose of fitting a particular ideology."
Tags: law, politics, terrorism, fight, terror, violence, war
Abstract This research discusses anti-terrorism policies and the manner in which they influence the nation and the world. Anti-terrorism is defined as defensive procedures used to decrease the susceptibility of citizens and property to terrorist attacks. In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, the U.S.A. was forced to deal with the threat of terrorism in a completely new light. For this reason, lawmakers devised a set of laws know as the Patriot Act. The research in this paper suggests that the Patriot Act is the main bill that deals with the issue of anti-terrorism in the United States. Though an anti-terrorism bill is necessary, the research indicates that the details of the Patriot Act are problematic. The issues that are problematic and even unconstitutional include: The government's ability to detain those that are believed to be terrorists without any due process, the right of the government to eavesdrop using roving wiretaps, reductions in judicial oversight and the role of congress. The paper argues that all of these issues are pertinent to American citizens and may prove to undermine the administration's efforts to mount a defense against acts of terrorism.
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to an article entitled "The War Power and Its Limits", several aspects of the current antiterrorism policies are questionable. Kassop (2003) explains that in addition to abandoning the aforementioned judicial oversight, the antiterrorism policies of the Bush Administration also "created a blurring of distinctions between military action and law enforcement, along with a resultant uncertainty as to which set of standards applies in certain circumstances (Kassop 2003)." In addition, Kassop (2003) asserts that the antiterrorism policies have a disregard for congress. The author contends that the antiterrorism policies also give law enforcement agencies a tremendous amount of authority to monitor all types of activities that were once considered an invasion of privacy(Kassop 2003)."
Abstract This paper looks at how, since today's society is replete with acts of terrorism, both domestic and international, a security manager's thoughts should be directed towards how to protect mail rooms, their personnel, and the facilities that house them. It examines how it would behoove management to develop and implement strategic countermeasures to combat terrorism through the mail system and how, by conducting a vulnerability assessment of the facility and its operation, managers are better equipped to develop proper threat assessment and implement countermeasures to ensure their effectiveness.
From the Paper "Although a trained screener has the potential to combat this by initiating developed procedures, which limits work stoppages. Described in this paper are some of the countermeasures that are available to reduce the likelihood of bombs, biological agents (anthrax) and chemicals from passing through the mailroom to unsuspected mail recipients. Due to the potential hazards associated with mailroom security and the various variable encountered, to date there are still no standards in place for implementing countermeasures."
Abstract This paper explores the impact on American civil liberties of new anti-terrorism laws put into effect by the Bush Administration. The paper focuses on the "Patriot Act" and the "Homeland Security Act". The paper argues that these laws seriously undermine the very freedoms that the U.S. Constitution was designed to protect. Arguments made by the ACLU that support this position are also cited.
From the Paper "The Bush administration has characterized the U.S.. Patriot Act as ?perhaps its most essential tool in fighting terrorists.? (Lichtblau, 2003). However, they have also used the provisions of this law in criminal investigations that have absolutely nothing whatsoever to do with terrorist security, including ?investigat[ing] suspected drug traffickers, white-collar criminals, blackmailers, child pornographers, money launderers, spies and even corrupt foreign leaders.? (Lichtblau, 2003) The Justice Department has defended these actions as simply making use of all the tools Congress has authorized them to use, and that they make no distinction between suspected terrorist activity and other suspected criminal activity."
Abstract This essay discusses the various legislative responses in the UK to the threat posed to society by modern terrorism. Beginning with the origins of anti-terrorism law in the United Kingdom in response to the troubles in Northern Ireland, the paper subsequently offers a discussion on the Terrorism Act 2000 and the Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act (including the judicial response to the powers conferred under this Act in 'A v Secretary of State for the Home Department'). The writer concludes by attempting to reconcile the two core issues in this matter -namely security of the state versus civil liberties.
Outline:
Abstract
The Origins of UK Anti-Terrorism Law
The Terrorism Act 2000
The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
Conclusion
From the Paper "In December 1995, Lord Lloyd of Berwick undertook an inquiry into the adequacy of the UK's counter-terrorism legislation to deal with future terrorist threats . Two important concepts arose from the report which are of significance to the discussion at hand: firstly, that it was the expectation of the Government that whilst the peace process would lead to the receding of the terrorist threat in relation to the Northern Ireland Troubles, the threat of international terrorism would increase and need to be dealt with; and secondly, that consideration had to be given to the UK's obligations under various treaties in international law, predominantly the European Convention on Human Rights, when creating any new anti-terrorism legislation ; thus acknowledging that a balance would have to be drawn between security and liberties and that the Government did not hold a carte blanche to introduce any anti-terror measure that it wished."
Tags: crime, security, human, rights, freedom, IRA
Abstract This paper explains that the Financial Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) was formed by the G-7 nations as an intergovernmental task force to examine money laundering trends, techniques and past AML actions and to develop new, more effective measures for implementation into anti-money laundering (AML) systems. The author points out that, although Switzerland and the U.K. have developed intricate AML systems as describe in this paper, the U.S.'s enforcement oriented AML system is the international leader. The paper recommends that AML systems could be strengthened by investigating and prosecuting money laundering activity in connection with every criminal offense, which is often associated with money laundering, such as terrorism, corruption and tax evasion This paper includes tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Money Laundering
Trends in Money Laundering
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: International Standards
History of the Development of Anti-Money Laundering Systems
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: The United Kingdom
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: Switzerland
The Future of Money Laundering and Anti-Money Laundering Systems
Switzerland vs. the U.K.: How Effective are Their AML Systems?
Appendix 1: Country Page - Switzerland, IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum
Appendix 2: Country Page - the United Kingdom, IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum
Appendix 3: FATF - The Forty Recommendations
From the Paper "It is important to understand past trends in methods for money laundering in order to predict and prevent the development of future methods. This is gained through an in-depth understanding of the prevalence and evolution of money laundering methods and their current and emerging trends. The identification of trends ensures that money laundering methods are understood and that action is taken to comprehend other key factors involved, such as context. Through its typologies effort, the FATF emphasized the identification and description of money laundering trends both at the worldwide level and on a more systematic basis."
This paper discusses that the United Nations needs to take major initiatives to combat terrorism, including treaties prohibiting terrorist bombing and financial assistance to terrorists.
Abstract This paper explains that, despite past activities, a new United Nations-led global anti-terror regime is desperately needed to play a pivotal role in forging a new identity for the U.N. and to serve as a stronghold of global collective anti-terrorism. The author points out that some of the problems are related to the United Nations? bureaucracy, its dependency on donations from member countries, and the political nature of the U.N. The paper concludes that the United Nations is an important pillar of the modern world, whose continued existence has become far more critical than ever before; therefore, the role of United Nations is going to be more challenging and critical in enforcing the international justice systems, especially in the area of terrorism.
From the Paper "The Security Council has created a Counter-Terrorism Committee, which is charged with monitoring the implementation of the international justice. In this respect, United Nations expressed deep concern with terrorism, arguing that terrorists represented a serious threat to international peace and to individual. The resolution also called the Counter-Terrorism Committee to promote sophisticated approaches to addressing their efforts to eliminate the affliction of international terrorism."
Abstract This paper discusses and describes the role of the police anti-terrorist liaison in Southern California police departments. The paper includes a definition of terrorism and discusses its costs, affects and local and global responses to terrorism.
From the Paper "This literature review concerning the topic of police anti-terrorist liaison in southern California police departments addresses the following areas relevant to this study terrorism defined and debated costs of terrorism terrorism and the environment worldwide response to terrorism FBI response to terrorism California terrorism response. Jaggar reported that to understand optimal responses to terrorism it must first be defined."
Abstract The following paper looks at the result of spending billions on security measures in the U.S.A. to combat terrorism. It discusses the ways in which the expenses of security measures affect the GDP and it assesses whether U.S. anti-terrorism policies impact significantly on the nation's economy.
From the Paper "Bush may be faced with a puzzle. He may be tempted to imitate Reagan's "military Keynesianism", by trying to make use of "state funds" to get America out of recession. He has declared that ?$75 billion? would be diverted towards the economy of the nation. But "military Keynesianism" might just provoke huge inflation that could lead to a crash later on. This might result in job losses and a decrease in trade and the working class will have to bear the consequences, as usual. (2) Though the American people may not be expected to be "bold" enough, the American government is prepared to spend its finds on the fight against terrorism as well as the economic fight they have been pushed into."
Tags: policymakers, stimulated, monetary, funding, federal
Abstract This paper focuses on the airline transport and airport security anti-terrorist steps recently implemented. Three policies were introduced by President Bush - "Federal Grant Program to Strengthen Aircraft Security"; "Expanded Federal Air Marshal Program" and increased passenger security while in the airport. It looks at the advantages and disadvantages of these programs.
From the Paper "The aftermath of the World Trade Center bombing in New York City last September 11, 2001 made the US government formulate numerous precautions and measures that will prevent and eliminate the possibility of a terrorist attack to happen again. One of the preventive measures the US government has set up was to think of national policies in airline transportations and airports that will bring security and safety to the consumers and crew of the airline company. Three major steps were delivered by US President George W. Bush that will help attain the said objectives, that of the people and crew's safety and security."
Abstract This paper explains where terrorism has come from and examines the ideological foundations upon which it rests. The writer discusses how, historically, terrorism has always had political roots, where as modern terrorism has emerged as something that is somewhat divorced from this political context. The writer points out that understanding terrorism will provide modern scholars with the resources needed to understand the motivations and future actions of terrorist organizations.
From the Paper "The threat of terrorism has been bandied about in the West since the 2001 attacks on the United States as the preeminent security issue for modern nations. While this may be something of a hyperbole, it is nonetheless true that terrorism does represent a threat to the Western world in at least some instances. But to understand the modern form that terrorism has taken and the real or imagined threat it poses, it is important to have a sense of the historical roots of terrorism."
Abstract This paper discusses the new anti-terror laws in Australia and how these impact Australian human rights. It examines what these new laws involve, what entrenching a Bill of Rights would involve and the possible outcomes of an entrenchment of the Australian Constitution. The author of the paper ultimately argues that a Bill of Rights is not necessary to protect the fundamental rights of the Australian people.
From the Paper "If a Bill of Rights were introduced into Australia, judges would have ultimate power in deciding what actually constitutes human rights (Kerby 1995). Instead of the parliament and the elected politicians deciding on the rights of the people, this would be left to judges (Kerby, 1995). Some argue that this is giving them too much power. It is said that middle aged, upper class and predominantly white males cannot possibly know what is best for all demographics of the Australian nation and have no way in determining the will of the people (Kerby, 1995). Others also believe that judiciary's are unreliable as the sole determiners of human rights as a Constitutional Bill of Rights would enable them to establish their own political agendas (Gibbs, 2000). In addition, their decisions would no doubt be made on personal morals, views and beliefs (Gibbs, 2000). Also there would be an increase of power for those with wealth. By this it is meant that it would be the wealthy who could afford the legal action to achieve their agendas in how the bill was interpreted (Malcolm ,1998)."
This paper discusses several technologies used by the law enforcing agencies of the United States to enhance an efficient system without which the police would otherwise not be able to solve as many crimes.
Abstract This paper explains that increased technology guarantees time-efficiency and improves the mode of action against crime, thus, decreasing the risk to which a police official in the field might otherwise be exposed. The author points out that DNA testing is gathering increased support from lawmakers because there is no longer any reason to question the reliability of DNA evidence. The paper reports that a concealed weapon detector, such as "Millivision", measures the electromagnetic radiation emitted by all objects made out of plastic, metal, liquid or ceramics, analyses it and converts the readings into a visible form thus providing better surveillance capabilities including anti-terror.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Research and Development
DNA Testing
Concealed Weapons Detection System
Automated Fingerprint Identification System
Computers in Patrol Cars
Breath-Testers
Conclusion
From the Paper "In 1996, the U.S. Justice Department had given the D.C. police a $6 million grant to complete installation of computers in police cruisers and enable officers to process criminals at each of the city's seven police districts. It is seen that police all over the United States is being equipped with more computers in their patrol cars. In 2000, Lisle Police was allocated $85,700 in the budget draft, to be used for squad cars equipped with radar and data computers."
Abstract This paper explains that, because the wide variety of destructive avenues and methodologies opening up to modern terrorists are so numerous, the nature of terrorist threats appear intangible and too general to efficiently combat or even to comprehend. The author states that the U.S. policy regarding war and terrorism has continued to be a search for ways to generate immediate and short term gains at the expense of the rest of the world. Essentially, the U. S. continues the pursuit of a neo-imperialist empire to maintain its grip upon the planet's resources. The paper suggests that there may never be a preventative cure for all forms of terrorism, but a governmental policy that soothes international and inter-social disputes may eliminate the desire of individuals to inflict pain and death upon others.
From the Paper "The war is further devalued by the incongruity between international laws regarding terrorism, the United States' definition of terrorism, and the subsequent methods by which the U.S. has endeavored to fight terrorism. Fusing these notions together suggests that the United States government is almost as guilty of terrorist acts as the leaders of the Al Qaeda; the primary difference being that, with the United States, there is usually an intermediary involved, and it is not apparent that any acts engaged in by the government could be perceived as acts of terror for the purpose of global demonstration-any association with terrorism has been in connection with a substantive goal."
Abstract The paper discusses the proliferation of gang violence in LA and the need to do something to suppress gang activity. The paper traces the history of anti-loitering ordinances in the city and the major problems with all these policies, focusing on "Operation Hammer", a program that called for an all-out assault on the city ghettos. The paper analyzes the proposed law and criticizes its philosophy.
From the Paper "Los Angeles politicians have recently come together behind a proposed city ordinance that would allow police to arrest loitering street gang members. Mayor James K. Hahn, voiced his support for this new weapon in the battle against gang violence and drug trafficking. "Law abiding citizens shouldn"t be afraid to go get a carton of milk at night,? he said. ?This ordinance will put gang members on notice.? "
