Abstract
This paper examines the modernist writers' contribution to our fallen society. It looks at the anti-Christian themes of modern literature, through the example of the writing of Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Franz Kafka, and Knut Hamsun. The author states that the modernists helped cause the great nation of America to slip away from her Godly heritage.

From the Paper
"Modernism is a noun that means, a practice, movement, or belief peculiar to modern times. (Webster's) This literature movement is associated with writers such as Thomas Stearn Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, W.B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Franz Kafka, and Knut Hamsun. These writers wanted to get rid of the aesthetic burden of the realist novel (Keep)"

Tags:modern, society, divorce, Ezra, Pound, Gertrude, Stein, Franz, Kafka, Knut, Hamsun

Abstract
The paper attempts to define that which is meant by the concept of 'modernism' and discusses the early years of rock and roll and how they represented a serious threat to the state of American conservatism. The paper discusses the emergence of groups such as the Sex Pistols, the Clash, the Ramones and the Talking Heads and how the 'political movements' represented would be seen as pop culture phenomena. The paper points out, however, that with these movements, their economic success would overshadow such messages as their explicit anti-establishment and anti-consumer stances.

From the Paper
"In the manner of greatest importance to its identity, rock music was at its purest to be taken as such a populist notion. Upon its inception into popular consciousness in the 1950s, rock and roll was derided by its critics--informed by no small degree of racism toward a music inspired by black R&B combos of the prior decade--as a form of music requiring the least of talents. At least as its traditions compared to the virtuosity of jazz or the form and precision of classical music, it was true that rock and roll was a more basic, even primitive form of expression. Before such time as the medium would be expanded by postmodern experimentalism, this primitive nature has been regarded by many as rock and roll strongest and most defining feature."

Tags:postmodernism, conservatism, artist, commercialism

Abstract
This essay examines the importance of learning in the Arab world with specific reference to Portugal during the early modern period. It examines how this nation was empowered by its adaptation of Arabic mathematics and Arab navigational and naval technology. Arab knowledge of cartography and navigation, from which all European nations borrowed heavily, enabled Portugal to forge ahead in the drive to seek colonies and expand Portugal?s sphere of trade.

From the paper:

"In the current political climate, it has become easy to forget the past. It has become easy to forget how, many hundreds of years ago the Arab world was not seen as a place of darkness, of anti-modernist and anti-technological sentiments. Rather Islam was seen as a beacon of light for the West, providing important mathematical and navigational knowledge that enabled Europeans to make exploratory forays into what became the New World. The very numbers that paginate this particular document are "Arabic Numerals," an improvement on the cumbersome and often confusing system of Roman numerals."

Tags:anti-modernist, and, anti-technological, sentiments, current, political, climate, John, III, islam

Abstract
The paper critically discusses Anti-Individualism and then presents an argument against this epistomology. The paper explains that Anti-Individualism is based on a series of assumptions about the nature of learning and the learner including a relationship between the learner and the material being learned. The paper relates that it supposes at least 2 "orders" of learning including perceptual and self-knowledge.

From the Paper
"Anti-Individualism is philosophy of knowledge that focuses on the nature of knowledge and the relationship between that knowledge and the learner. As described by Tyler Burge, Anti-Individualism emphasizes "basic self-knowledge" or knowledge, which is "self-verifying in an obvious way" (Burge 649). According to Burge there is a distinction between "knowledge of one's thoughts" and the "individuation of one's thoughts" (Burge, 650). Since an individual's thoughts about a physical object are dependent upon that person's relationship with that object this would mean that a person's..."

Tags:knowledge, anti, individualism, burge

Abstract
This paper discusses colonialism and anti-colonial nationalism in India and describes some of the features and processes inherent therein.

From the Paper
"Colonialism and anti-colonial nationalism in India were the result of historical processes that pre-existed. Prior to colonialism Indiafound itself in a state of anarchy, lawlessness and arbitrary despotism, which as Chatterjee points out was a central element in the ideological justification of British colonial rule. The British, from their Western perspective, deemed Indian social customs degenerate and barbaric, a view that prompted them to undertake colonialism as a civilizing mission. (Chatterjee) Abhorring the long list of atrocities perpetrated on Indian..."

Tags:colonialism, anti-colonial, nationalism, India, British

Abstract
This paper contends that the skyrocketing number of prescriptions for anti-depressants recently has caused some to worry that patients, such as rape victims, who could benefit from the addition of medication in their recovery, might not be able to get the much-needed medicine.

From the Paper
"The recent FDA decision regarding SSRI's (Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors) has caused the medical community to scale down anti-depressant prescriptions in recent months. This project in intended to shed light on the growing problem of over-prescribing anti-depressants and the effects that ultimately could prevent rape survivors from receiving the much needed medications they need for recovery."

Tags:anti, celexa, depressants, neuroreceptors, prescriptions, prozac, seratonin, ssri, survivors, zoloft

Abstract
This paper explores the dangers of cultural fragmentation associated with multi-culturalism, with particular reference to the race riots in northern England in 2000. It also tests the credibility of the new patriotism. The paper concludes that multiculturalism is a reactionary anti-modernist ideology.

From the Paper
"One of the more tangible expressions of this focus on national unity has been the Home Office attempt to instil in naturalised immigrants a minimum core of British values, but criticisms of the vacuous content of the citizenship ceremonies, and the awkward fact of the 7/7 suicide bombers impeccably home-grown origins simply return us to the dilemma for which multiculturalism offered a tentative solution .It is a dilemma which has little to do with the attitudes of immigrants, and much to do with the loss of cohesion at the heart of British society, a malaise which the tourist postcard ritualism of the citizenship ceremonies cannot paper over."

Tags:race, riots, modernist, cultural, fragmentation

Abstract
This paper explains that Virginia Woolf's "To The Lighthouse," which is told using "stream of consciousness," is a modernist anti-Bildungsroman in which the reader sees excellent examples of experimentation with time shifting, complex allusions, multiple narrative voices, and inter-subjectivity. The author points out that, in the" Time Passes" section, human beings become secondary, while the novel shifts from its focus on psychology to chronology by contrasting its characters with the characters in the first section, by demonstrating the cruel effects of time on the Ramsey's house and on the people who spent time there in the first section of the novel, and by miniaturizing the historical time for Europe during and after World War I. The paper relates that the material objects used in the second part are reminders of the elegant Victorian life shown in the first half of the novel; and, in the second section, the reader sees how these objects can't save the people from the forces of nature and the outside world. Instead, the reader is given the idea that only outside forces can affect the social fabric of society, rather than the philosophies of the men, as in the first section.

From the Paper
"The story is told in three sections. The first section, "The Window," takes up half the book and introduces us to the many characters and complex relationships within the Ramsey's summer house. Each character's interior thoughts are shown, as well as the other character's reactions and influences upon them. As the day comes to an end, we are left content as Mr. and Mrs. Ramsey manage to put their differences behind them and give the other what they needed in order to be at peace within their relationship. However, the second section, "Time Passes," takes a very different approach. The omniscient narrator tells of the decay of the house over the years and of the deaths of Mrs. Ramsey, Prue and Andrew. The house is occupied by darkness, wind and rain, as opposed to the people whose relationships and lives we read about in the first section. The third section, "The Lighthouse," takes place back at the summer house ten years after the first section."

Tags:anti-bildungsroman, consciousness, experimentation, chronology, ww1

Abstract
This paper explains that "Portrait of a Lady", seen by many as the first truly modernist American novel, was published only 16 years after the end of the American Civil War, during a period of great social change and unrest, particularly for women and minorities. The author describes the female characters illustrated in this book as Isabel Archer, the confused woman in search of her true self; Henrietta Stackpole, an "independent woman" seeking to change the world through her eye-catching and brutally honest journalism; Madame Merle, the devious and sly possessor of a scandalous secret, and Pansy Osmond, shy and continually controlled by her overbearing father. The paper relates that James' intentions for this novel's impact and legacy are still widely debated; some argue that the fate, which befalls each of his women, clearly displays his anti-feminist attitude but others argue that the freedom of choice he has given his female characters, allowing them to make their own mistakes, finally paints women as fellow human beings.

From the Paper
"One of the first female characters introduced to readers in "The Portrait of a Lady" is also one of the most anachronistic: Mrs. Touchett. Though married, she spends much of her time abroad while her husband and invalid son uncomplainingly reside in England's Gardencourt Manor. She and Mr. Touchett have been virtually separated since the beginning of their marriage, although Mrs. Touchett does spend one month per year at Gardencourt with her husband. Claiming she despises England's food and culture, she permits herself to flit about Europe with nearly unfettered access to freedoms normally only extended to men."

Tags:civil-war, isabel, stackpole, anti-feminist, freedom-of-choice

Abstract
The paper states that Daniel Bell's " The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism" was originally published to critique the dominant American assumption that capitalism promoted individualism. The paper comments that Bell instead believed that capitalism had come to promote standardization and had created corporate bureaucracies as powerful as church or state bureaucracies of the past. The paper continues by relating that Bell also believed that the counter cultural reaction to capitalism was also misguided, as capitalism had begun with the Protestant work ethic, and its spirit of individualistic austerity, puritanism, and freedom from Church institutional authority. The paper concludes that this sense of Protestant freedom and independence had slowly been eradicated, and this value was taken over by the Modernists, and then ineffectually by 'counterculture' as the anti-capitalist youth movement was still called when Bell wrote his work.

From the Paper
"The cultural contradiction of capitalism is that capitalism began as a kind of radical, austere Protestantism, with a heavy emphasis on rejecting the collective Catholic dogma of the past. Protestantism developed a new attitude towards wealth. It stressed pursuing excellence and perfect standards with relentless individualism and drive. But this rigidity made the originally radical notion of capitalism eventually become conservative in terms its morality. This evolved to create the uniform, imposed standards of large corporations and state bureaucracies, including, ironically, the Soviet bureaucracy. In response to what came to be seen as bourgeois values, the cultural beliefs of Modernism began to react against capitalist values and celebrate the function of culture as a kind of misrule, not capitalist order. Capitalistic Protestantism came to deny its original individualistic ethos, and this value of individualism was taken over by artists and anti-capitalism."

Tags:individualism, affordable, healthcare, bureaucracy