Abstract This essay examines the importance of learning in the Arab world with specific reference to Portugal during the early modern period. It examines how this nation was empowered by its adaptation of Arabic mathematics and Arab navigational and naval technology. Arab knowledge of cartography and navigation, from which all European nations borrowed heavily, enabled Portugal to forge ahead in the drive to seek colonies and expand Portugal's sphere of trade.
From the paper:
?In the current political climate, it has become easy to forget the past. It has become easy to forget how, many hundreds of years ago the Arab world was not seen as a place of darkness, of anti-modernist and anti-technological sentiments. Rather Islam was seen as a beacon of light for the West, providing important mathematical and navigational knowledge that enabled Europeans to make exploratory forays into what became the New World. The very numbers that paginate this particular document are ?Arabic Numerals,? an improvement on the cumbersome and often confusing system of Roman numerals.?
Tags:anti-modernist, and, anti-technological, sentiments, current, political, climate, John, III, islam
Abstract This essay argues that Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" is anti-Semitic in terms of its treatment of the character Robert Cohn. Cohn is painted in a negative light and none of the characters like him. Cohn is the anti-hero, yet he has Jewishness intentionally imposed upon him. In this respect, "The Sun Also Rises" involves anti-Semitism.
Abstract The following assignment is for a third year sociology course. The topic discussed is collective social behaviour. The collective social behavior examined in this assignment is anti-war demonstrations. The writer uses social contagion theory and emergent norm theory in order to examine the nature of anti-war demonstrations.
From the Paper "Collective behavior is a very broad area of study. For example, in Collective Behavior Erich Goode states, 'Rumors and legends, fads, and collective protest- these and other social phenomena make up the subject matter of the field of collective Behavior'. Collective behavior is the relatively spontaneous, unstructured, extra institutional behavior of a fairly large number of individuals. The fact that collective behavior is such a diverse area of study means that many activities can be used to examine it. For this paper, demonstrations against the war in Iraq or anti-war demonstrations as they are commonly called will be used to examine many of the theories about collective behavior."
Abstract This paper summarizes the debate between the Federalists and Anti-federalists of the constitutional congress. It suggests some ongoing problems in American public life which demonstrate the main issues which drove that debate, far from being resolved during the constitution's ratification, continue to resonate in current events. This paper discusses the Ratification Debate and the major issues which drove the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-federalists: Distribution of power, protection of rights, limitations of institutions and the ongoing Relevance.
From the Paper "In the last few days of September in 1787, the Confederation Congress met to debate and construct a new Constitution of the United States. The document they wrote and sent for ratification to the thirteen states that made up the newly-formed country was intended to replace the Articles of Confederation that had ordered the nation since its inception. The nation was reaching a crisis point, as the experiment had been going poorly. Surprisingly, perhaps, the problem was not one of the many possible economic problems that new nations are likely to experience when reconstructing after a long and difficult war. As Gordon Wood (1969) argues, the general economy was running well and people felt comfortable and even prosperous (p. 395). Rather, the concerns that brought the nation's leading politicians together were primarily political. "
Abstract This paper discusses how in terms of ideologies, actions, and goals that exist, or should exist in order for the anti-globalization movement to develop into a successful global social movement, there is general agreement that there must be a greater emphasis on social and political issues such as gender equality, and economic issues such as product music and entertainment product copyright protection. The paper further discusses that these are only two of a multitude of important issues that need to be addressed, but they reflect the anti-globalization movement's fundamental goal of protecting the social, political, and economic rights of individuals, groups, and societies as globalization expands. For example, globalization has presented many challenges and opportunities for the transnational women's movement.
A discussion on the way that the punk subculture re-emerged in recent years in response to the rise of the far right in Switzerland and as part of the international anti-fascist and anti-globalization movements.
Abstract The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion
From the Paper "The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."
Argues that over-prescribing anti-depressants world-wide could prevent rape survivors from seeking and receiving treatment for depression and other mental health diseases.
Abstract This paper contends that the skyrocketing number of prescriptions for anti-depressants recently has caused some to worry that patients, such as rape victims, who could benefit from the addition of medication in their recovery, might not be able to get the much-needed medicine.
From the Paper "The recent FDA decision regarding SSRI's (Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors) has caused the medical community to scale down anti-depressant prescriptions in recent months. This project in intended to shed light on the growing problem of over-prescribing anti-depressants and the effects that ultimately could prevent rape survivors from receiving the much needed medications they need for recovery."
Abstract This paper examines the modernist writers? contribution to our fallen society. It looks at the anti-Christian themes of modern literature, through the example of the writing of Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Franz Kafka, and Knut Hamsun. The author states that the modernists helped cause the great nation of America to slip away from her Godly heritage.
From the Paper "Modernism is a noun that means, "a practice, movement, or belief peculiar to modern times. (Webster"s) This literature movement is associated with writers such as Thomas Stearn Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, W.B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Franz Kafka, and Knut Hamsun. These writers wanted to get rid of the aesthetic burden of the realist novel (Keep)"
Abstract This paper explores the dangers of cultural fragmentation associated with multi-culturalism, with particular reference to the race riots in northern England in 2000. It also tests the credibility of the new patriotism. The paper concludes that multiculturalism is a reactionary anti-modernist ideology.
From the Paper "One of the more tangible expressions of this focus on national unity has been the Home Office attempt to instil in naturalised immigrants a minimum core of British values, but criticisms of the vacuous content of the citizenship ceremonies, and the awkward fact of the 7/7 suicide bombers impeccably home-grown origins simply return us to the dilemma for which multiculturalism offered a tentative solution .It is a dilemma which has little to do with the attitudes of immigrants, and much to do with the loss of cohesion at the heart of British society, a malaise which the tourist postcard ritualism of the citizenship ceremonies cannot paper over."
Abstract The essay highlights the ways in which James Joyce should be considered a modernist writer. The paper includes comments from many critics, including William York Tindel, and quotations from Shakespeare. Many modernist writing techniques are revealed that conventional writers would not have used. The use of symbolism is shown as well as examples that show Joyce using realism to portray himself as a modernist writer. The two central short stories used to convey Joyce as a modernist are 'Araby' and 'Two Gallants'. There are also examples taken from 'The Sisters'. The essay also demonstrates how Joyce uses religion to show Dublin in a state of paralysis, which is one of the central themes seen throughout the collection.
From the Paper "James Joyce's "Dubliners", a collection of short stories published in 1907, revolves around the everyday mundane lives of Dublin and its citizens. According to Joyce himself, his intention was to "write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because the city seemed to be the centre of paralysis". James Joyce is a modernist writer as he also does not conform to the traditional style of writing genre which conventional writers such as Jane Austen would have used at the time. Joyce believed that they modernists should "As t"were hold the mirror up to nature? (hamlet, William Shakespeare). Joyce believed that a revelation of truth would free Dublin's citizens from the paralysis of Dublin and their daily life?s. Joyce felt that due to the secularisation and the industrialisation of Dublin at the time the citizens were left in a state of paralysis with no escape. "The stories portray Joyce's feeling that Dublin is the epitome of paralysis and all of the citizens are victims". (Levin 159)."
Abstract This paper discusses neo-Modernist reaction to post-Modernism's nihilism and relativism in a return to an emphasis on materials and intended function. The paper includes examples and provides several theoretical comments in addition to addressing the significance of the examples provided.
From the Paper "The post-1985 Neo-modernist movement has sought to recover the sometimes stark, functionalism of Modernism but taking into account its critique. The results include architecture and other design that can be aesthetic and far less utilitarian in appearance than its 20th century predecessor of Modernism. Also, neo-Modernism offers a response to the more jarring or whimsical elements of what was considered post-modern design, in an effort to restore design for people, and not just an appreciative elite wishing to probe the limits of post-modern experimentation."
Abstract This paper looks at the emergence of F. Scott Fitzgerald as a leader in the modernist movement of literature. It looks at the defining characteristics of modernism and how the uniqueness and newness of Fitzgerald's style of writing put him in the forefront of modernist writers. Fitzgerald's famous works of art and the characters within them are used to aptly illustrate Fitzgerald as one who spearheaded the modernist movement.
From the Paper "Modernist literature is also the result of the writer seeking to save mankind from the "deadening features" of what became known as everyday life. The Modern artist, according to Paul Lauter, editor of The Heath Anthology of American Literature, felt a need to "challenge and reinvigorate" the ever-growing urban, industrial society. (935) In order for this reinvigoration to be successful, new styles of writing were needed to express the new ideas and values. From this need, Modernism arose and became what one critic called a "tradition of the new" (935). However, more than anything, modernism meant breaking away from traditional responses and "predictable forms"."
Abstract This essay explores and evaluates Katherine Mansfield's literary style with reference to her short story Bliss. It discusses the ways in which Bliss demonstrates her desire to break with the past and experiment with new methods of writing. The paper evaluates the story as an example of Modernist literature and reviews Mansfield 's importance in the Modernist movement. The paper also provides a detailed analysis of Mansfield's original and distinctive delivery of the short story.
From the Paper "An important figure in the modernist movement, Katherine Mansfield was a highly experiential writer who sought to find new ways of representing the world. The beginning of the twentieth century was a time of terrific change due to technological advances, scientific theories and capitalism. The First World War compounded this disturbance and literally shattered the universal values which held society together. Society was left fragmented and disillusioned and the Modernists felt that the traditional mode of representing the world in literature, specifically realism, was outdated and no longer appropriate. Mansfield 's short story Bliss, 1918, demonstrates the desire to break with the past and experiment with new methods of writing which would express this transformed society more aptly."
Abstract This paper analyzes the works of modernist writers James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and T.S. Eliot. It stresses the importance of the inner consciousness, while the outer trappings of reality, including classes and gender, are viewed as less important. The paper demonstrates how the modernists are a reaction to the Victorian form of understanding both the world and the self.
From the Paper "According to "Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory", the Modernist movement in literature was primarily concerned with presenting a point of view that explicated the writer's and the main character's inner consciousness, rather than dwelling upon externals in the environment or the evolution of any particular plot. Modernism, although its superficial name might seem to connote to a casual reader ?modern literature,? really is a highly specific literary form that sprung up in reaction to the Victorian form of understanding both the world and the self."
A discussion on whether modernist literature engages in a denial of history through analysis of the works of James Joyce, T.S. Eliot and Joseph Conrad.
Abstract This paper discusses George Lukacs statement that modernist literature engages in a ?denial of history, of development, and thus, of perspective.? It explores how history is treated in literature by examining the ways in which so much of modernist literature and in particular James Joyce's "Ulysses" and T.S. Eliot's "The Wasteland" and Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" are re-writings of older texts. It also looks at the way history is diminished by characters such as Leopold Bloom by discussing the importance of perspective.
From the Paper "In these fragments, history is deconstructed, but only to be pieced together again, according to our own individual perspectives. In this way, the possibilities of history are endless: history is constantly recreated, and, in answer to Stephen Dedalus's complaint that "history is to blame" for the wrongs of society, we an say that we construct history itself in much the same way that we construct society: perhaps any problems are then caused by our own perspectives, or by our lack of understanding of this point - a willingness to believe in the immutability of history."
